scholarly journals Childhood violence exposure and social deprivation are linked to adolescent threat and reward neural function

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1252-1259
Author(s):  
Tyler C Hein ◽  
Leigh G Goetschius ◽  
Vonnie C McLoyd ◽  
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn ◽  
Sara S McLanahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Childhood Violence Exposure ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Background Childhood adversity is, unfortunately, highly prevalent and strongly associated with later psychopathology. Recent theories posit that two dimensions of early adversity, threat and deprivation, have distinct effects on brain development. The current study evaluated whether violence exposure (threat) and social deprivation (deprivation) were associated with adolescent amygdala and ventral striatum activation, respectively, in a prospective, well-sampled, longitudinal cohort using a pre-registered, open science approach. Methods One hundred and sixty-seven adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Prospective longitudinal data from ages 3, 5 and 9 years were used to create indices of childhood violence exposure and social deprivation. We evaluated whether these dimensions were associated with adolescent brain function in response to threatening and rewarding faces. Results Childhood violence exposure was associated with decreased amygdala habituation (i.e. more sustained activation) and activation to angry faces in adolescence, whereas childhood social deprivation was associated with decreased ventral striatum activation to happy faces in adolescence. These associations held when adjusting for the other dimension of adversity (e.g., adjusting for social deprivation when examining associations with violence exposure), the interaction of the two dimensions of adversity, gender, internalizing psychopathology, and current life stress. Conclusions Consistent with recent theories, different forms of early adversity were associated with region-specific differences in brain activation.

scholarly journals Childhood violence exposure and social deprivation predict adolescent amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex white matter connectivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 100849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh G. Goetschius ◽  
Tyler C. Hein ◽  
Colter Mitchell ◽  
Nestor L. Lopez-Duran ◽  
Vonnie C. McLoyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Childhood Violence Exposure ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
White Matter Connectivity

School connectedness as a protective factor against childhood exposure to violence and social deprivation: A longitudinal study of adaptive and maladaptive outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Leigh G. Goetschius ◽  
Vonnie C. McLoyd ◽  
Tyler C. Hein ◽  
Colter Mitchell ◽  
Luke W. Hyde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Environment ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
School Connectedness ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Positive Function ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
African American Child ◽  
Negative Effects

Abstract School connectedness, a construct indexing supportive school relationships, has been posited to promote resilience to environmental adversity. Consistent with prominent calls in the field, we examined the protective nature of school connectedness against two dimensions of early adversity that index multiple levels of environmental exposure (violence exposure, social deprivation) when predicting both positive and negative outcomes in longitudinal data from 3,246 youth in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (48% female, 49% African American). Child and adolescent school connectedness were promotive, even when accounting for the detrimental effects of early adversity. Additionally, childhood school connectedness had a protective but reactive association with social deprivation, but not violence exposure, when predicting externalizing symptoms and positive function. Specifically, school connectedness was protective against the negative effects of social deprivation, but the effect diminished as social deprivation became more extreme. These results suggest that social relationships at school may compensate for low levels of social support in the home and neighborhood. Our results highlight the important role that the school environment can play for youth who have been exposed to adversity in other areas of their lives and suggest specific groups that may especially benefit from interventions that boost school connectedness.

Differentiating Between Us & Them: Reduced In-Group Bias as a Novel Mechanism Linking Childhood Violence Exposure with Internalizing Psychopathology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven William Kasparek ◽  
Maya L. Rosen ◽  
Lucy A. Lurie ◽  
Mina Cikara ◽  
Kelly Sambrook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Childhood Violence Exposure ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Strong in-group bonds may promote mental health across development. Violence exposure influences social information processing biases and may also relate to social categorization processes. We examined associations of violence exposure with psychopathology and behavioral and neural indices of implicit and explicit in-group bias after minimal group assignment in children followed longitudinally across three time points from ages 5 to 10 years old (n = 101). In a pre-registered analysis, violence exposure was associated with lower implicit in-group bias, which in turn was associated prospectively with higher internalizing symptoms and mediated the longitudinal association between violence exposure and internalizing symptoms. Violence-exposed children did not exhibit the negative functional coupling between the left vmPFC and left amygdala when classifying in-group vs. out-group members that was observed in children without violence exposure. Reduced implicit bias for one’s in-group may represent a novel mechanism linking violence exposure with the development of internalizing symptoms.

Sexual and Gender Minority Intimate Partner Violence and Childhood Violence Exposure

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051987555
Author(s):  
Adam M. Messinger ◽  
Christina Dyar ◽  
Rachel S. Birmingham ◽  
Michael E. Newcomb ◽  
Sarah W. Whitton
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Interparental Violence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Childhood Violence Exposure ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Childhood Violence

Limited research on female-assigned-at-birth sexual and gender minorities (FAB SGM) suggests that their risk of psychological, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration may be linked to childhood violence exposure (CVE), such as experiencing child abuse, or witnessing sibling or interparental abuse. That said, there is a dearth of research in this population examining whether there is typically a violence type match between CVE and IPV (e.g., physical CVE predicting physical IPV), a gender match between those involved in CVE and later IPV (e.g., witnessing the abuse of female parents predicting IPV among women), or an increase in IPV risk commensurate with the number of different CVE types experienced. Addressing these gaps, this article draws on the baseline survey data of FAB400, a merged cohort accelerated longitudinal study of 488 FAB SGM adolescents and young adults. Analyses focused on the subsample of 457 participants with prior intimate relationship experience. Findings revealed that each assessed form of CVE—parental verbal abuse victimization, parental physical maltreatment victimization, childhood sexual abuse victimization, witnessing sibling abuse, and witnessing interparental violence—predicted risk of IPV perpetration and victimization, without evidence of violence type match. Witnessing interparental violence was associated with IPV irrespective of the abused parent’s gender. In addition, exposure to a greater number of forms of CVE was associated with an increased risk of all types of IPV victimization and perpetration. Results offer preliminary evidence that the intergenerational transmission of violence is an applicable framework for FAB SGM, and as such this should be considered when screening and intervening for childhood, family, and partner violence in this population. Suggestions for future directions are discussed.

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