scholarly journals Twenty Years of Natural Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Seed Production on the Crossett Experimental Forest in Southeastern Arkansas

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Cain ◽  
Michael G. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Seed Crops

Abstract Loblolly and shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill., respectively) seed crops were monitored for 20 consecutive years (1980–1981 through 1999–2000) using seed-collection traps in natural stands on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas. Each seed-collection period began on October 1 and continued through the end of February of successive years. Sound seeds were separated from void seeds by use of a cut test. During 20 yr, sound seed production ranged from 0 to 2,000,000/ac. There were six bumper seed crops (>800,000 sound seeds/ac), nine good seed crops (40,000—800,000 sound seeds/ac), and five poor seed crops (<40,000 sound seeds/ac). Because no poor seed crops occurred back-to-back, the seed supply was adequate for successful natural pine regeneration over the entire monitoring period. During 8 yr of adequate seed production, when weekly seed counts were made, seed dispersal always peaked in early November; therefore, site preparation should be completed before November to maximize seedling catch. South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):40–45.

scholarly journals Shortleaf Pine Seed Production in Natural Stands in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Shelton ◽  
Robert F. Wittwer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Good Seed ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Ozark Mountains ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Production Areas

Abstract Seed production of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) was monitored from 1965 to 1974 to determine the periodicity of seed crops in both woods-run stands and seed-production areas. One bumper and two good seed crops occurred during the 9-yr period. The two largest crops occurred in successive years, then seed production was low for 4 yr before another good crop occurred. Mean annual seed production ranged from 84,000/ac in the western Ouachitas to 167,000/ac in seed-production areas in the southern Ozarks. Certain stand-level variables significantly influenced seed production. Seed production was positively related to stand age and negatively related to pine and hardwood basal areas; although frequently significant, no consistent relationship occurred with stand elevation. Results indicate that shortleaf pine seed production will usually be adequate for natural regeneration within most of the study area. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):74-80.

scholarly journals Effects of Reproduction Cutting Method and Hardwood Retention on Shortleaf Pine Seed Production in Natural Stands of the Ouachita Mountains

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211
Author(s):  
Robert F. Wittwer ◽  
Michael G. Shelton ◽  
James M. Guldin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Ouachita Mountains ◽  
Cutting Method ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Seed Crops

Abstract Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seed production was monitored for 4 yr in stands harvested by a range of even- and uneven-aged reproduction cutting methods. The fifty-two 35–40 ac stands were distributed throughout the Ouachita Mountains from central Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma. Seed crops were characterized as good, poor, poor, and bumper, averaging 109,000, 18,000, 5,000, and 379,000 sound seeds/ac, respectively. Seed production the first year after harvest was generally correlated with residual density of shortleaf pines; unharvested control stands, single-tree selection, and shelterwood stands produced more seeds than seed tree stands. Differences in seed production among regeneration cutting methods were not significant for the crop dispersed 4 yr after harvest; this is attributed to release and response of residual seed-producing trees in the seed tree and shelterwood stands. Results also indicated that seed production was lowest for stands located in the western section of the Ouachita Mountains. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):206–211.

Growth and Yield Following Four Reproduction Cutting Methods in Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands--A Case Study

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker ◽  
Paul A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Four reproduction cutting methods employed on an average site (S.I. = 85 to 90 feet at 50 years) in second-growth loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.--P. echinata Mill.) in south Arkansas provided adequate pine regeneration to establish or maintain well-stocked stands. During the 36-year study period, heavy seed-tree and diameter-limit cutting methods produced significantly more cubic-foot volume than selection and clearcutting, while clearcutting resulted in significantly less board-foot (Doyle) volume. Since many trees on the clearcut areas are just now reaching sawlog size, board-foot volume production among all treatments will probably equalize as time goes on. Advantages and disadvantages of the four cutting methods for large landholders and private nonindustrial land-owners are discussed.

Seed production in forests of Chamaecyparislawsoniana

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-335
Author(s):  
Donald B. Zobel
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Regional Pattern ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Seed Crops

In 3 years of seed collection throughout the range of Chamaecyparislawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl., 30 seed crops varied from 20 000 to 4 600 000 seeds per hectare. The overall mean was 829 000 seeds per hectare per year. Annual production per square metre of basal area (BA) varied from 600 to 185 000. Only 6 of 30 seed crops exceeded 50 000 seeds/m2 BA per year but these were produced by the youngest (65 year old) and oldest (450 + year old) stands and throughout the environmental range of the species. Of other seed crops, 11 had 10 000–50 000 seeds/m2 BA per year and 13 had fewer than 10 000 seeds/m2 BA per year. Year-to-year variation had a local, not regional, pattern. An open-forest community produced more seed per square metre of basal area than a denser one at two mixed evergreen zone sites. Seedfall peaked from October to November, with a smaller spring peak, but some seeds fell throughout the year. Most sites differed little in the timing of peaks. Germination of trapped seed from seven sites in 1 year was 11–44% and showed no correlation with crop size. Other species in this genus produce many more seeds per hectare than C. lawsoniana but there is no evidence that seed production limits reproductive potential of this species. In mixed forests, C. lawsoniana and especially Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. were over represented in the seedfall (compared with their basal area), whereas Pseudotsugamenziesli (Mirb.) Franco and Abiesconcolor (Gordon and Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. produced less than their share.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation of Understocked Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands—I. Recently Cutover Natural Stands

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker ◽  
Michael G. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Considerable Cost ◽  
Good Site ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Natural Stands

Abstract Two loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands were cut to stocking levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% to simulate recently cutover, understocked, uneven-aged stands. Number of trees ranged from 38 per acre for 10% stocking to 213 per acre for 50% stocking; comparable total basal areas were 4 and 16 ft²/ac, respectively. One stand was on a good site (site index = 90 ft at age 50), the other on a medium site (site index = 75 ft at age 50). As a rehabilitation treatment, all hardwoods 1 in. groundline diameter and larger were injected with a herbicide. At 2, 5, 10, and 15 yr after treatment, the stands were inventoried to determine: (1) rate at which the understocked stands recovered, and (2) minimum stocking levels required for successful rehabilitation. During 15 yr of rehabilitation, the understocked stands changed dramatically, and because of rapid growth of residual pines, stocking levels, basal areas, and tree volumes increasedmarkedly. Stands having at least 20% residual stocking and 5 ft²/ac of pine basal area reached an acceptable stocking level of 60% (based on number and size of trees), or 45 ft²/ac of basal area within 15 yr. Stands at this minimum stocking threshold produced 4,600 bd ft(Doyle)/ac of sawtimber volume on the good site and 3,000 bd ft/ac of sawtimber volume on the medium site during the 15 yr period. The study indicates that recently cutover, or damaged, understocked stands with at least 20% to 30% stocking or 5 to 10 ft²/ac of pine basal area can be rehabilitated to produce respectable sawtimber volumes. This management strategy provides a low-cost alternative to establishing a new stand at considerable cost to the landowner. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):35-40.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation of Understocked Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands—III. Natural Stands Cutover 15 Years Previously but Unmanaged

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker ◽  
Michael G. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Good Site ◽  
Rehabilitation Period ◽  
Mill Stand ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Natural Stands

Abstract Plots in an unmanaged loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stand that had been cutover 15 yr previously were established to represent five stocking levels: 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The stand was on a good site (site indexLob = 90 ft at 50 yr) and had uneven-aged character. Two competition control treatments (none and individual tree release using herbicide) were also assigned. Three, five, and nine years later, the plots were reinventoried to determine: (1) the rate at which the understocked stands recovered, (2) the minimum stocking level required for successful rehabilitation, and (3) the effects of release on pine growth. The pine release treatment did not enhance stand development during the 9 yr rehabilitation period, primarily because only 18% of the pines (representing 5% of total pine basal area) were overtopped by hardwoods and were thus in need of release. However, results suggest that stands having an initial stocking of 20 to 30%, or a total basal area of 10 to 15 ft²/ac, can reach an acceptable stocking (levels of 60% for stocking, 45 ft²/ac for basal area, and 2,500 bd ft(Doyle)/ac for sawlog volume) within 15 yr or less. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):47-52.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation of Understocked Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands—II. Development of Intermediate and Suppressed Trees Following Release in Natural Stands

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker ◽  
Michael G. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Crown Dimensions

Abstract Development of 86 intermediate and suppressed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees, that had been recently released from overtopping pines and hardwoods, was monitored over a 15 yr period. The trees were growing in natural stands on good sites (site index = 90 ft at 50 yr) that had been recently cut to stocking levels ranging from 10 to 50%. At time of release, the trees averaged 26 yr in age, 4.8 in. in dbh, and 37 ft in height. The trees had averaged only 0.5 in. in dbh growth the 5 yr prior to release (0.1 in./yr). After 15 yr, the 77 surviving trees averaged 59 ft in height and 12.9 in. in dbh, increasing 21 ft in height and 8.1 in. in dbh. During the 15 yr period, crown dimensions of the trees increased markedly as well. On average, crown lengths increased 11 ft (from 16 to 27 ft); crown widths nearly tripled from 9 to 25 ft; and crown volumes increased 11 fold from 608 to 6,700 ft³. The majority of the trees had good form and would produce high-quality sawtimber. Satisfactory response to release was best predicted by initial dbh and live-crown ratio. Results of the study suggest that trees with at least a 20% live-crown ratio should satisfactorily respond to release even though they had developed in lower crown positions of fully stocked uneven-aged stands for 10 to 50 yr. Responding trees rapidly expanded their crowns and accelerated in height and diameter growth. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):41-46.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation of Understocked Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands—IV. Natural and Planted Seedling/Sapling Stands

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker ◽  
Michael G. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Natural Stand ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Natural Seedling ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Time Required

Abstract A 3- to 6-yr-old naturally regenerated even-aged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand and a 5-yr-old loblolly pine plantation on good sites (SILob = 85 to 90 ft at 50 yr) were cut to density levels of 50, 90, 180, 270, and 360 seedlings and/or saplings/ac. Two pine release treatments (none and individual tree release with a herbicide) were applied to the natural stand, but were not imposed in the plantation because site preparation treatments were applied before planting. At 2, 5, and 10 yr after installation, plots were inventoried to determine: (1) the lowest threshold of seedling/sapling density that was feasible to manage, (2) the time required for poorly stocked seedling/sapling stands to reach an acceptable stocking level, and (3) whether release treatments would improve survival and growth of understocked, natural seedling/sapling stands. Results indicated that loblolly pine plantations on good sites having at least 180 trees/ac (30% stocking) reached an acceptable stocking level of 60% by age 10 and produced up to 1,500 ft³/ac (19 cd/ac) of merchantable volume by age 15. By this age, trees in plantations with 270 and 360 trees/ac displayed good form, but at densities of 180, 90, and 50 trees/ac the trees still retained large branches nearly to the ground. Natural stands having at least 180 trees/ac that were released from overtopping by hardwood at age 5 reached 60% stocking by age 15 but produced only 627 ft³/ac (8 cd/ac) of merchantable volume. When pines in the natural stand were not released, only plots with 360 trees/ac reached an acceptable 60% stocking level by age 15 but only produced 539 ft³/ac (7 cd/ac) of merchantable volume. The observed differences in recovery rates in the understocked pine stands principally reflected the levels of competing hardwoods. Results suggest that understocked, natural stands or plantations of pine seedlings/saplings with fewer than 180 trees/ac (less than 30% stocking), at age 5, should probably be liquidated and a new stand established unless the landowner is willing to sacrifice significant reductions in early volume production. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1)53-59.

scholarly journals A Method to Evaluate White Spruce Cone Crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Classification System ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Crop Quality ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Quality Rating ◽  
The Mean

The objective of this study was to investigate variation in cone size and seed production in Manitoba white spruce so that general guides to seed collection could be developed. Relationships were established using regression techniques which permitted the development of a three category cone crop classification system based on the probable yield of sound seed from cones. It is tentatively suggested to use this system, that the mean number of filled seed on one half of longitudinal cone sections be determined from a minimum of five to ten cones taken from all aspects of the top two to three m of each of six to ten dominant or co-dominant trees. A crop quality rating is then determined by relating this to a graph which indicates a Good, Fair or Poor seed yield.

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