256 Spectrophotometric Properties of 31 Different Commercially Available Blue Blocking Glasses Under Electric Room Lighting

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A103-A103
Author(s):  
Destiny Rupple ◽  
Brooke Mason ◽  
Andrew Tubbs ◽  
Fabian-Xosé Fernandez ◽  
Michael Grandner
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Indoor Conditions ◽  
Fluorescent Lighting ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Room Lighting

Abstract Introduction Blue blocking glasses are often marketed to promote relaxation, sleep, and circadian health by attenuating melatonin-suppressing light exposure. But these glasses represent a wide range of tint and other lens properties. Further, the utility of these glasses under ecologically valid indoor conditions (where light is typically generated from overhead broadspectrum fluorescent lamps) is still unclear, especially across various products. Methods A calibrated spectroradiometer (Ocean Insight), cosine corrector, optic fiber, and software package were used to measure the absolute irradiance (uW/cm^2/nm) emitted from overhead fluorescent lighting in a closeted dark room. Thirty-one commercially available blue blockers were individually placed between the cosine corrector and the luminaire, at a standardized distance and angle, where intensity was measured and analyzed. Each lens was evaluated individually relative to the light source under identical conditions. Then, lenses were collapsed by type into the following groups: red-tinted lenses (RTL), orange-tinted lenses (OTL), orange-tinted lenses with blue reflectivity (OBL), brown-tinted lenses (BTL), yellow-tinted lenses (YTL), and clear reflective blue lenses (RBL). Results There was significant variation in light-blocking across lens types (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). On average, RTL and BTL restricted 59% of the visible light measured from 380-780nm. OTL blocked 47% of the light in this range, while OBL blocked 29%. Both YTL and RBL blocked 14% of the exposure. When narrowing the range of light to 440-530nm (the part of the spectrum most likely to produce a response from melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells), we estimated the following performance: the RTL and OTL blocked close to 100% of the light, OBL blocked 98%, BTL blocked 80%, YTL blocked 33%, and RBL blocked 15%. These differences were statistically significant (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Individual lenses performed variably within groups, but these differences were small. Conclusion Focusing on the portion of the visible spectrum most likely to suppress melatonin secretion, RTL and OTL blocked exposure the best, followed by OBL, BTL, YTL, and (lastly) RBL. Support (if any) R01MD011600, R01DA051321

scholarly journals Fundamentals of circadian entrainment by light

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-393
Author(s):  
RG Foster
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Short Wavelength Light ◽  
Wavelength Light

Light at dawn and dusk is the key signal for the entrainment of the circadian clock. Light at dusk delays the clock. Light at dawn advances the clock. The threshold for human entrainment requires relatively bright light for a long duration, but the precise irradiance/duration relationships for photoentrainment have yet to be fully defined. Photoentrainment is achieved by a network of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) which utilise the short-wavelength light-sensitive photopigment, melanopsin. Although rods and cones are not required, they do play a role in photoentrainment, by projecting to and modulating the endogenous photosensitivity of the pRGCs, but in a manner that remains poorly understood. It is also important to emphasise that the age and prior light exposure of an individual will modify the efficacy of entrainment stimuli. Because of the complexity of photoreceptor interactions, attempts to develop evidence-based human centric lighting are not straightforward. We need to study how humans respond to dynamic light exposure in the ‘real world’ where light intensity, duration, spectral quality and the time of exposure vary greatly. Defining these parameters will allow the development of electric lighting systems that will enhance human circadian entrainment.

Controlling the number of melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells by early light exposure

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Hong ◽  
Qiang Zeng ◽  
Huaizhou Wang ◽  
Debbie S. Kuo ◽  
William H. Baldridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

The Curved Grid Non-Illusions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
János Geier ◽  
Mariann Hudák
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Line Width ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Illusory Effect ◽  
Grid Line ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hermann Grid Illusion

The generally accepted explanation of the Hermann grid illusion is Baumgartner’s hypothesis that the illusory effect is generated by the response of retinal ganglion cells with concentric ON-OFF or OFF-ON receptive fields. To challenge this explanation, some simple distortions to the grid lines were introduced that make the illusion disappear totally, while all preconditions of Baumgartner’s hypothesis remained unchanged. Psychophysical experiments in which the distortion tolerance was measured showed the level of distortion at which the illusion disappears at a given type of distortion for a given subject. Statistical analysis shows that the distortion tolerance is independent of grid-line width within a wide range and of the type of distortion, except when one side of each line remains straight. The conclusion is the main cause of the Hermann grid illusion is the straightness of the edges of the grid lines. Similar results have been obtained in the scintillating grid.

scholarly journals Two Metabotropic γ-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors Differentially Modulate Calcium Currents in Retinal Ganglion Cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Wen Shen ◽  
Malcolm M. Slaughter
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Gaba Receptor ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Calcium Currents ◽  
Gabab Receptors ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prepulse Facilitation

Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors were studied in amphibian retinal ganglion cells using whole cell current and voltage clamp techniques. The aim was to identify the types of receptor present and their mechanisms of action and modulation. Previous results indicated that ganglion cells possess two ionotropic GABA receptors: GABAAR and GABACR. This study demonstrates that they also possess two types of metabotropic GABAB receptor: one sensitive to baclofen and another to cis-aminocrotonic acid (CACA). The effects of these selective agonists were blocked by GDP-β-S. Baclofen suppressed an ω-conotoxin–GVIA-sensitive barium current, and this action was reversed by prepulse facilitation, indicative of a direct G-protein pathway. The effect of baclofen was also partially occluded by agents that influence the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. But the effect of PKA activation was unaffected by prepulse facilitation, indicating PKA acted through a parallel pathway. Calmodulin antagonists reduced the action of baclofen, whereas inhibitors of calmodulin phosphatase enhanced it. Antagonists of internal calcium release, such as heparin and ruthenium red, did not affect the baclofen response. Thus, the baclofen-sensitive receptor may respond to influx of calcium. The CACA-sensitive GABA receptor reduced current through dihydropyridine-sensitive channels. Sodium nitroprusside and 8-bromo-cGMP enhanced the action of CACA, indicating that a nitric oxide system can up-regulate this receptor pathway. CACA-sensitive and baclofen-sensitive GABAB receptors reduced spike activity in ganglion cells. Overall, retinal ganglion cells possess four types of GABA receptor, two ionotropic and two metabotropic. Each has a unique electrogenic profile, providing a wide range of neural integration at the final stage of retinal information processing.

scholarly journals High Sensitivity of the Human Circadian Melatonin Rhythm to Resetting by Short Wavelength Light

2003 ◽  
Vol 88 (9) ◽  
pp. 4502-4505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Lockley ◽  
George C. Brainard ◽  
Charles A. Czeisler
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Photon Density ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Circadian Pacemaker ◽  
Melatonin Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Phase ◽  
Short Wavelength Light

The endogenous circadian oscillator in mammals, situated in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, receives environmental photic input from specialized subsets of photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells. The human circadian pacemaker is exquisitely sensitive to ocular light exposure, even in some people who are otherwise totally blind. The magnitude of the resetting response to white light depends on the timing, intensity, duration, number and pattern of exposures. We report here that the circadian resetting response in humans, as measured by the pineal melatonin rhythm, is also wavelength dependent. Exposure to 6.5 h of monochromatic light at 460 nm induces a two-fold greater circadian phase delay than 6.5 h of 555 nm monochromatic light of equal photon density. Similarly, 460 nm monochromatic light causes twice the amount of melatonin suppression compared to 555 nm monochromatic light, and is dependent on the duration of exposure in addition to wavelength. These studies demonstrate that the peak of sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to light is blue-shifted relative to the three-cone visual photopic system, the sensitivity of which peaks at ∼555 nm. Thus photopic lux, the standard unit of illuminance, is inappropriate when quantifying the photic drive required to reset the human circadian pacemaker.

scholarly journals Dissecting and modeling photic and melanopsin effects to predict sleep disturbances induced by irregular light exposure in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (25) ◽  
pp. e2017364118
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Hubbard ◽  
Mio Kobayashi Frisk ◽  
Elisabeth Ruppert ◽  
Jessica W. Tsai ◽  
Fanny Fuchs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Direct Light ◽  
Light Effects ◽  
Length Changes

Artificial lighting, day-length changes, shift work, and transmeridian travel all lead to sleep–wake disturbances. The nychthemeral sleep–wake cycle (SWc) is known to be controlled by output from the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which is entrained to the light–dark cycle. Additionally, via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells containing the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4), short-term light–dark alternations exert direct and acute influences on sleep and waking. However, the extent to which longer exposures typically experienced across the 24-h day exert such an effect has never been clarified or quantified, as disentangling sustained direct light effects (SDLE) from circadian effects is difficult. Recording sleep in mice lacking a circadian pacemaker, either through transgenesis (Syt10cre/creBmal1fl/-) or SCN lesioning and/or melanopsin-based phototransduction (Opn4−/−), we uncovered, contrary to prevailing assumptions, that the contribution of SDLE is as important as circadian-driven input in determining SWc amplitude. Specifically, SDLE were primarily mediated (>80%) through melanopsin, of which half were then relayed through the SCN, revealing an ancillary purpose for this structure, independent of its clock function in organizing SWc. Based on these findings, we designed a model to estimate the effect of atypical light–dark cycles on SWc. This model predicted SWc amplitude in mice exposed to simulated transequatorial or transmeridian paradigms. Taken together, we demonstrate this SDLE is a crucial mechanism influencing behavior on par with the circadian system. In a broader context, these findings mandate considering SDLE, in addition to circadian drive, for coping with health consequences of atypical light exposure in our society.

scholarly journals The Olivary Pretectal Nucleus Receives Visual Input of High Spatial Resolution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared N. Levine ◽  
Gregory W. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Retinal Input ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pretectal Nucleus ◽  
Single Cell Type

AbstractIn the mouse, retinal output is computed by over 40 distinct types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) (Baden et al., 2016). Determining which of these many RGC types project to a retinorecipient region is a key step in elucidating the role that region plays in visually-mediated behaviors. Combining retrograde viral tracing and single-cell electrophysiology, we identify the RGC types which project to the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), a major visual structure. We find that retinal input to the OPN consists of a variety of intrinsically-photosensitive and conventional RGC types, the latter a diverse set of mostly ON RGCs. Surprisingly, while the OPN is most associated with the pupillary light reflex (PLR) pathway, requiring information about absolute luminance, we show that the majority of the retinal input to the OPN is from single cell type which transmits information unrelated to luminance. This ON-transient RGC accounts for two-thirds of the input to the OPN, and responds to small objects across a wide range of speeds. This finding suggests a role for the OPN in visually-mediated behaviors beyond the PLR.Significance statementThe olivary pretectal nucleus is a midbrain structure which receives direct input from retinal ganglion cells (RGC), and modulates pupil diameter in response to changing absolute light level. In the present study, we combine viral tracing and electrophysiology to identify the RGC types which project to the OPN. Surprisingly, the majority of its input comes from a single type which does not encode absolute luminance, but instead responds to small objects across a wide range of speeds. These findings are consistent with a role for the OPN apart from pupil control and suggest future experiments to elucidate its full role in visually-mediated behavior.

Calcium-Activated Potassium Conductances in Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Ferret

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Yong Wang ◽  
David W. Robinson ◽  
Leo M. Chalupa
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Channels ◽  
Potassium Channel ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potassium Conductances ◽  
Calcium Activated Potassium Channels ◽  
Calcium Activated Potassium Channel

Wang, Guo-Yong, David W. Robinson, and Leo M. Chalupa. Calcium-activated potassium conductances in retinal ganglion cells of the ferret. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 151–158, 1998. Patch-clamp recordings were made from isolated and intact retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the ferret to examine the calcium-activated potassium channels expressed by these neurons and to determine their functional role in the generation of spikes and spiking patterns. Single-channel recordings from isolated neurons revealed the presence of two calcium-sensitive potassium channels that had conductances of 118 and 22 pS. The properties of these two channels were shown to be similar to those ascribed to the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BKCa) and small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SKCa) channels in other neurons. Whole cell recordings from isolated RGCs showed that apamin and charybdotoxin (CTX), specific blockers of the SKCa and BKCa channels, respectively, resulted in a shortening of the time to threshold and a reduction in the hyperpolarization after the spike. Addition of these blockers also resulted in a significant increase in spike frequency over a wide range of maintained depolarizations. Similar effects of apamin and CTX were observed during current-clamp recordings from intact alpha and beta ganglion cells, morphologically identified after Lucifer yellow filling. About 20% of these neurons did not exhibit a sensitivity to either blocker, suggesting the presence of functionally distinct subgroups of alpha and beta RGCs on the basis of their intrinsic membrane properties. The expression of these calcium-activated potassium channels in the majority of alpha and beta cells provides a means by which the activity of these output neurons could be modulated by retinal neurochemicals.

scholarly journals P3HT:Bebq2-Based Photovoltaic Device Enhances Differentiation of hiPSC-Derived Retinal Ganglion Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2661
Author(s):  
Chih-Chen Hsu ◽  
Yi-Ying Lin ◽  
Tien-Chun Yang ◽  
Aliaksandr A. Yarmishyn ◽  
Tzu-Wei Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Bulk Heterojunction ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Photovoltaic Device ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

Electric field stimulation is known to affect various cellular processes, including cell fate specification and differentiation, particularly towards neuronal lineages. This makes it a promising therapeutic strategy to stimulate regeneration of neuronal tissues. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a type of neural cells of the retina responsible for transduction of visual signals from the retina to the brain cortex, and is often degenerated in various blindness-causing retinal diseases. The organic photovoltaic materials such as poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) can generate electric current upon illumination with light of the visible spectrum, and possesses several advantageous properties, including light weight, flexibility and high biocompatibility, which makes them a highly promising tool for electric stimulation of cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we tested the ability to generate photocurrent by several formulations of blend (bulk heterojunction) of P3HT (which is electron donor material) with several electron acceptor materials, including Alq3 and bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)beryllium (Bebq2). We found that the photovoltaic device based on bulk heterojunction of P3HT with Bebq2 could generate photocurrent when illuminated by both green laser and visible spectrum light. We tested the growth and differentiation capacity of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived RGCs when grown in interface with such photostimulated device, and found that they were significantly increased. The application of P3HT:Bebq2-formulation of photovoltaic device has a great potential for developments in retinal transplantation, nerve repair and tissue engineering approaches of treatment of retinal degeneration.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document