Sleep in the lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil)

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg I Lyamin ◽  
Jerome M Siegel ◽  
Evgeny A Nazarenko ◽  
Viatcheslav V Rozhnov
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
National Park ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Herbivorous Animal ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Abstract The mouse-deer or chevrotains are the smallest of the ungulates and ruminants. They are characterized by a number of traits which are considered plesiomorphic for the Artiodactyla order. The objective of this study was to examine sleep in the lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil), which is the smallest in this group (body mass <2.2 kg). Electroencephalogram, nuchal electromyogram, electrooculogram and body acceleration were recorded in 4 adult mouse-deer females using a telemetry system in Bu Gia Map National Park in Vietnam. The mouse-deer spent on average 49.7±3.0% of 24-h in NREM sleep. REM sleep occupied 1.7±0.3% of 24-h or 3.2±0.5% of total sleep time. The average duration of REM sleep episodes was 2.0±0.2 min, the average maximum was 5.1±1.1 min, and the longest episodes lasted 8 min. NREM sleep occurred in sternal recumbency with the head heals above the ground while 64.7+6.4% of REM sleep occurred with the head resting on the ground. The eyes were open throughout most of the NREM sleep period. The mouse-deer displayed polyphasic sleep and crepuscular peaks in activity (04:00-06:00 and 18:00-19:00). The largest amounts of NREM occurred in the morning (06:00-09:00) and the smallest before dusk (at 04:00-06:00). REM sleep occurred throughout most of the daylight hours (08:00-16:00) and in the first half of the night (19:00-02:00). We suggest that the pattern and timing of sleep in the lesser mouse-deer is adapted to the survival of a small herbivorous animal, subject to predation, living in high environmental temperatures in tropical forest undergrowth.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture Treatment Normalized Sleep Disturbance in Morphine Withdrawal Rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Jing Li ◽  
Fei Zhong ◽  
Peng Yu ◽  
Ji-Sheng Han ◽  
Cai-Lian Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Morphine Withdrawal ◽  
Opiate Withdrawal ◽  
Important Symptom ◽  
Opiate Addicts ◽  
Retention In Treatment

Sleep disturbance is considered as an important symptom of acute and protracted opiate withdrawal. Current results suggest that sleep disturbance may be taken as a predictor of relapse. Appropriate sleep enhancement therapy will be in favor of the retention in treatment for opiate addicts. Our previous studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) is effective in suppressing morphine withdrawal syndrome. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of 2 and 100 Hz EA on the sleep disturbance during morphine withdrawal. Rats were made dependent on morphine by repeated morphine injections (escalating doses of 5–80 mg kg−1, subcutaneously, twice a day) for 5 days. EA of 2 or 100 Hz was given twice a day for 3 days, starting at 48 h after the last morphine injection. Electroencephalogram and electromyogram were monitored at the end of the first and the last EA treatments, respectively. Results showed that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, REM sleep and total sleep time decreased dramatically, while the sleep latency prolonged significantly during acute morphine withdrawal. Both 2 and 100 Hz EA produced a significant increase in NREM sleep, REM sleep and total sleep time. It was suggested that EA could be a potential treatment for sleep disturbance during morphine withdrawal.

scholarly journals The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) shows signs of NREM sleep homeostasis but has very little REM sleep and no REM sleep homeostasis

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjoerd J van Hasselt ◽  
Maria Rusche ◽  
Alexei L Vyssotski ◽  
Simon Verhulst ◽  
Niels C Rattenborg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
European Starling ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis

Abstract Most of our knowledge about the regulation and function of sleep is based on studies in a restricted number of mammalian species, particularly nocturnal rodents. Hence, there is still much to learn from comparative studies in other species. Birds are interesting because they appear to share key aspects of sleep with mammals, including the presence of two different forms of sleep, i.e. non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We examined sleep architecture and sleep homeostasis in the European starling, using miniature dataloggers for electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Under controlled laboratory conditions with a 12:12 h light–dark cycle, the birds displayed a pronounced daily rhythm in sleep and wakefulness with most sleep occurring during the dark phase. Sleep mainly consisted of NREM sleep. In fact, the amount of REM sleep added up to only 1~2% of total sleep time. Animals were subjected to 4 or 8 h sleep deprivation to assess sleep homeostatic responses. Sleep deprivation induced changes in subsequent NREM sleep EEG spectral qualities for several hours, with increased spectral power from 1.17 Hz up to at least 25 Hz. In contrast, power below 1.17 Hz was decreased after sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation also resulted in a small compensatory increase in NREM sleep time the next day. Changes in EEG spectral power and sleep time were largely similar after 4 and 8 h sleep deprivation. REM sleep was not noticeably compensated after sleep deprivation. In conclusion, starlings display signs of NREM sleep homeostasis but the results do not support the notion of important REM sleep functions.

Sleep and hibernation in ground squirrels (Citellus spp): electrophysiological observations

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (5) ◽  
pp. R213-R221 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Walker ◽  
S. F. Glotzbach ◽  
R. J. Berger ◽  
H. C. Heller
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

Electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram, electromyogram, and electrocardiogram were recorded from ground squirrels (Citellus beldingi and C. lateralis) during the summer and also during the hibernation season. Summer recordings revealed that the animals spent an average of 66% of the 24-h period asleep (49% of the 12-h light period and 84% of the 12-h dark period); 19% of the total sleep time (TST) consisted of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and 81% of TST consisted of slow-wave sleep (SWS). Recordings obtained during the hibernation season showed that hibernation was entered through sleep, but the distribution of sleep states was different than in euthermic sleep. During the early entrance when brain temperature (Tbr) was between 35 and 25 degrees C, the animals were asleep 88% of the time, but only 10% of the TST was spent in REM sleep. The EEG amplitude declined with decreased Tbr so that classical sleep stages could not be identified below a Tbr of 25 degrees C. The frequency of the EEG increased as Tbr decreased; but activity in the 0–4 cycles/s band occupied the majority of the record even at a Tbr of 10 degrees C. Below a Tbr of 10 degrees C the EEG was isoelectric except for intermittent bursts of spindles. It was concluded from these and other results that the entrance into hibernation represents an extension of the thermoregulatory adjustments that occur during SWS.

Disorders of sleep

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie West
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Sedative Drugs

Typically, disorders of sleep cause disturbance either to the sufferer or to their bed partner. If total sleep time is reduced, this may lead to problems with excessive daytime sleepiness, which can affect work, driving, concentration, and relationships. ‘Sleepiness’ implies an intrusive desire to fall asleep, caused by some form of sleep deprivation or sedative drugs; this is different from ‘tiredness’, which implies general fatigue, lethargy, and exhaustion and is caused by a range of conditions, including depression, chronic disease, or a busy lifestyle. Adults sleep on average for 8 hours a night. Normal sleep consists of periods of deep or slow-wave sleep, interspersed with shorter periods of dreaming or rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Periods of REM sleep lengthen towards the morning and hence some people remember their dreams on waking. Different disorders of sleep can affect any of these sleep stages.

scholarly journals 0324 Effect of Sleep Restriction on Sleep Electroencephalogram Waveforms in Adolescents

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A123-A123
Author(s):  
I G Campbell ◽  
A Cruz Basilio ◽  
Z Y Zhang ◽  
N Darchia ◽  
I Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Delta Power ◽  
Eeg Power ◽  
Eeg Recordings

Abstract Introduction Over the past 18 years, our laboratory has been carrying out longitudinal studies of sleep and sleep need across adolescence. Our current study uses a dose-response design to examine daytime performance and sleep EEG after varied sleep durations. Here we present results for 1-30 Hz EEG power in NREM and REM sleep. Methods Home EEG recording in children 10-16 years old (N=77, mean age = 13.2). Adhering to their habitual rise time participants kept an assigned TIB schedule of 7, 8.5, or 10 hours for four consecutive nights. Participants completed all three conditions each year of the 3 year study. EEG recordings from the fourth night of each condition were scored and analyzed with FFT. Results Reducing TIB from 10 to 7 hours effectively decreased total sleep time (TST) from an average of 531 min to an average of 407 min. Decreasing TIB (from 10 to 7 h) produced a small increase (4.6%, p=0.0004) in delta (1-4 Hz) power and a larger decrease (9.0%, p=0.0032) in alpha (8-11 Hz) power in the first 5 h of NREM sleep. In REM periods 2 and 3, the same TIB reduction also increased (12.1%, p<0.0001) delta power and decreased (14.2%, p<0.0001) alpha power. Decreasing TIB reduced (11%, p<0.0001) sigma (11-15 Hz) power in the first 5h of NREM sleep and reduced (28%, p<0.0001) all night NREM sigma energy. Conclusion Reducing TST changes EEG power in several frequency bands. The increase in NREM delta power, expected from homeostatic models, may be too small to be biologically significant. The larger loss of sigma power may be of greater consequence. Sigma frequency activity is an indicator of sleep spindles which have been affected in aging, learning, memory and psychopathology. The sigma response to sleep restriction could be used to study these relations. Support PHS grant R01 HL116490 supported this work.

scholarly journals Sleep Architecture in Children With Down Syndrome With and Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea

2020 ◽  
pp. 019459982096045
Author(s):  
Christine H. Heubi ◽  
Philip Knollman ◽  
Susan Wiley ◽  
Sally R. Shott ◽  
David F. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Arousal Index ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Objective To characterize polysomnographic sleep architecture in children with Down syndrome and compare findings in those with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Study Design Case series with retrospective review. Setting Single tertiary pediatric hospital (2005-2018). Methods We reviewed the electronic health records of patients undergoing polysomnography who were referred from a specialized center for children with Down syndrome (age, ≥12 months). Continuous positive airway pressure titration, oxygen titration, and split-night studies were excluded. Results A total of 397 children were included (52.4% male, 81.6% Caucasian). Mean age at the time of polysomnography was 4.7 years (range, 1.4-14.7); 79.4% had obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep variables were reported as mean (SD) values: sleep efficiency, 85% (11%); sleep latency, 29.8 minutes (35.6); total sleep time, 426 minutes (74.6); rapid eye movement (REM) latency, 126.8 minutes (66.3); time spent in REM sleep, 22% (7%); arousal index, 13.3 (5); and time spent supine, 44% (28%). There were no significant differences between those with obstructive sleep apnea and those without. Sleep efficiency <80% was seen in 32.5%; 34.3% had a sleep latency >30 minutes; 15.9% had total sleep time <360 minutes; and 75.6% had an arousal index >10/h. Overall, 69.2% had ≥2 metrics of poor sleep architecture. REM sleep time <20% was seen in 35.3%. REM sleep time decreased with age. Conclusion In children with Down syndrome, 32.5% had sleep efficiency <80%; 75.6% had an elevated arousal index; and 15.9% had total sleep time <360 minutes. More than a third of the patients had ≥3 markers of poor sleep architecture. There was no difference in children with or without obstructive sleep apnea.

Sleep and Awake Behavior during Gradual Sleep Reduction

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laverne C. Johnson ◽  
William L. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Stage 2 Sleep ◽  
Sleep Schedule ◽  
And Performance

Two young adults, 1 male and 1 female, reduced their total sleep time by 30 min. every 2 wk. from an initial 7.5 hr. to 4 hr. The 4-hr. regimen was maintained for 3 wk. and then ad lib. sleep was permitted. A third S withdrew from the study at the 4.5-hr. period. Daily sleep and nap logs reflected the difficulty in maintaining the restricted sleep schedule after the 6-hr. period. EEG sleep records indicated earlier onset of REM sleep at 5.5 hr. but there were no changes in other measures. At 4 hr., a marked increase in stages 3 and 4 was present with a decrease in REM and stage 2 sleep. Mood and performance measures showed changes beginning at the 5.5-hr. sleep regimen. Follow-up reports indicate both Ss have maintained a sleep schedule 1 to 2 hr. below their baselines.

scholarly journals The maturational trajectories of NREM and REM sleep durations differ across adolescence on both school-night and extended sleep

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (5) ◽  
pp. R533-R540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin Feinberg ◽  
Nicole M. Davis ◽  
Evan de Bie ◽  
Kevin J. Grimm ◽  
Ian G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Ultimate Explanation ◽  
Brain Changes

We recorded sleep electroencephalogram longitudinally across ages 9–18 yr in subjects sleeping at home. Recordings were made twice yearly on 4 consecutive nights: 2 nights with the subjects maintaining their ongoing school-night schedules, and 2 nights with time in bed extended to 12 h. As expected, school-night total sleep time declined with age. This decline was entirely produced by decreasing non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep durations increased slightly but significantly. NREM and REM sleep durations also exhibited different age trajectories when sleep was extended. Both durations exceeded those on school-night schedules. However, the elevated NREM duration did not change with age, whereas REM durations increased significantly. We interpret the adolescent decline in school-night NREM duration in relation to our hypothesis that NREM sleep reverses changes produced in plastic brain systems during waking. The “substrate” produced during waking declines across adolescence, because synaptic elimination decreases the intensity (metabolic rate) of waking brain activity. Declining substrate reduces both NREM intensity (i.e., delta power) and NREM duration. The absence of a decline in REM sleep duration on school-night sleep and its age-dependent increase in extended sleep pose new challenges to understanding its physiological role. Whatever their ultimate explanation, these robust findings demonstrate that the two physiological states of human sleep respond differently to the maturational brain changes of adolescence. Understanding these differences should shed new light on both brain development and the functions of sleep.

scholarly journals Role of sleep on respiratory failure after extubation in the ICU

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud W. Thille ◽  
Stephanie Barrau ◽  
Clément Beuvon ◽  
Damien Marie ◽  
Faustine Reynaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Extubation Failure ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Continuous Sedation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The University

Abstract Background Sleep had never been assessed immediately after extubation in patients still in the ICU. However, sleep deprivation may alter respiratory function and may promote respiratory failure. We hypothesized that sleep alterations after extubation could be associated with an increased risk of post-extubation respiratory failure and reintubation. We conducted a prospective observational cohort study performed at the medical ICU of the university hospital of Poitiers in France. Patients at high-risk of extubation failure (> 65 years, with any underlying cardiac or lung disease, or intubated > 7 days) were included. Patients intubated less than 24 h, with central nervous or psychiatric disorders, continuous sedation, neuroleptic medication, or uncooperative were excluded. Sleep was assessed by complete polysomnography just following extubation including the night. The main objective was to compare sleep between patients who developed post-extubation respiratory failure or required reintubation and the others. Results Over a 3-year period, 52 patients had complete polysomnography among whom 12 (23%) developed post-extubation respiratory failure and 8 (15%) required reintubation. Among them, 10 (19%) had atypical sleep, 15 (29%) had no deep sleep, and 33 (63%) had no rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Total sleep time was 3.2 h in median [interquartile range, 2.0–4.4] in patients who developed post-extubation respiratory failure vs. 2.0 [1.1–3.8] in those who were successfully extubated (p = 0.34). Total sleep time, and durations of deep and REM sleep stages did not differ between patients who required reintubation and the others. Reintubation rates were 21% (7/33) in patients with no REM sleep and 5% (1/19) in patients with REM sleep (difference, − 16% [95% CI − 33% to 6%]; p = 0.23). Conclusions Sleep assessment by polysomnography after extubation showed a dramatically low total, deep and REM sleep time. Sleep did not differ between patients who were successfully extubated and those who developed post-extubation respiratory failure or required reintubation.

scholarly journals Correlation of sleep macrostructure parameters and idiopathic epilepsies

2002 ◽  
Vol 60 (2B) ◽  
pp. 353-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Roberto Santiago Barreto ◽  
Regina Maria França Fernandes ◽  
Américo Ceiki Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Focal Epilepsy ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy ◽  
Recording Time ◽  
Antiepileptic Medications ◽  
Generalized Epilepsy ◽  
Idiopathic Epilepsies

Sleep and epilepsy share some common mechanisms. The objective of the present investigation was to study the macrostructure of sleep in patients with idiopathic epilepsies, focal and generalized, comparing these two groups to each other and to a control group of 12 individuals without epilepsy. A total of 35 polysomnographies were performed, 12 of them in the control group, 10 in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies, and 13 in patients with idiopathic focal epilepsies. Antiepileptic medications were maintained for ethical reasons. The group with idiopathic focal epilepsy showed an increase in the total recording time (p = 0.04) and the group with idiopathic generalized epilepsy had a reduction of phase 4 NREM sleep. The efficiency of total sleep period and of total sleep time was also lower in the group with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (p = 0.03 in both cases). We concluded that the group with idiopathic generalized epilepsy presents sleep of poorer quality, whereas the group with idiopathic focal epilepsy presents a tendency toward an excessive somnolence.

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