scholarly journals O039 Differential effects of sleep deprivation and sleep restriction on error awareness

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A17-A17
Author(s):  
J Boardman ◽  
M Bravo ◽  
T Andrillon ◽  
C Anderson ◽  
S Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Occupational Settings

Abstract Introduction The ability to detect and subsequently correct errors is important in preventing the detrimental consequences of sleep loss. We report the first study to compare the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and sleep restriction (SR) on error awareness. Methods Thirteen healthy adults (11F, age=26.8±3.4y) underwent a 34h TSD protocol, completing the Error Awareness Task (EAT: a combined Stroop/1-back/GoNogo task) at 4h and 27h post-wake. Twenty healthy adults (11F, age=27.4±5.3y) were studied both well-rested (WR: 9h sleep) and following SR (3 nights of 3h sleep), completing the EAT once/day (8-9h post-habitual wake). The EAT required participants to withhold responding to “nogo” stimuli and signal, via a button press, whenever they realised they made an error on these nogo trials. Results TSD did not significantly affect error rate (p=.712) or error awareness rate (p=.517), however, participants were slower to recognise errors after TSD (p=.004). In contrast, SR increased error rate (p<.001), decreased error awareness (p<.001), and slowed recognition of errors (p<.01). Discussion Three nights SR impaired the ability to recognise errors in real-time, despite a greater number of errors being made. Thus, impaired error awareness may be one mechanism underlying increased sleep loss-related accidents and errors in occupational settings, as well as at home. Interestingly, 1-night TSD did not lead to more, or impaired recognition of errors. TSD participants were slower to recognise errors, which may be problematic in safety critical settings. Technological and/or operational solutions may be needed to reduce the risk of errors going unrecognised.

scholarly journals Residual, differential neurobehavioral deficits linger after multiple recovery nights following chronic sleep restriction or acute total sleep deprivation

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika M Yamazaki ◽  
Caroline A Antler ◽  
Charlotte R Lasek ◽  
Namni Goel
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Neurobehavioral Deficits ◽  
Chronic Sleep

Abstract Study Objectives The amount of recovery sleep needed to fully restore well-established neurobehavioral deficits from sleep loss remains unknown, as does whether the recovery pattern differs across measures after total sleep deprivation (TSD) and chronic sleep restriction (SR). Methods In total, 83 adults received two baseline nights (10–12-hour time in bed [TIB]) followed by five 4-hour TIB SR nights or 36-hour TSD and four recovery nights (R1–R4; 12-hour TIB). Neurobehavioral tests were completed every 2 hours during wakefulness and a Maintenance of Wakefulness Test measured physiological sleepiness. Polysomnography was collected on B2, R1, and R4 nights. Results TSD and SR produced significant deficits in cognitive performance, increases in self-reported sleepiness and fatigue, decreases in vigor, and increases in physiological sleepiness. Neurobehavioral recovery from SR occurred after R1 and was maintained for all measures except Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) lapses and response speed, which failed to completely recover. Neurobehavioral recovery from TSD occurred after R1 and was maintained for all cognitive and self-reported measures, except for vigor. After TSD and SR, R1 recovery sleep was longer and of higher efficiency and better quality than R4 recovery sleep. Conclusions PVT impairments from SR failed to reverse completely; by contrast, vigor did not recover after TSD; all other deficits were reversed after sleep loss. These results suggest that TSD and SR induce sustained, differential biological, physiological, and/or neural changes, which remarkably are not reversed with chronic, long-duration recovery sleep. Our findings have critical implications for the population at large and for military and health professionals.

137 Recovery Dynamics in a Biomathematical Model of Fatigue

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A56-A56
Author(s):  
Mark McCauley ◽  
Peter McCauley ◽  
Hans Van Dongen
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Circadian Misalignment ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Homeostatic Process ◽  
Recovery Sleep

Abstract Introduction In commercial aviation and other operational settings where biomathematical models of fatigue are used for fatigue risk management, accurate prediction of recovery during rest periods following duty periods with sleep loss and/or circadian misalignment is critical. The recuperative potential of recovery sleep is influenced by a variety of factors, including long-term, allostatic effects of prior sleep/wake history. For example, recovery tends to be slower after sustained sleep restriction versus acute total sleep deprivation. Capturing such dynamics has proven to be challenging. Methods Here we focus on the dynamic biomathematical model of McCauley et al. (2013). In addition to a circadian process, this model features differential equations for sleep/wake regulation including a short-term sleep homeostatic process capturing change in the order of hours/days and a long-term allostatic process capturing change in the order of days/weeks. The allostatic process modulates the dynamics of the homeostatic process by shifting its equilibrium setpoint, which addresses recently observed phenomena such as reduced vulnerability to sleep loss after banking sleep. It also differentiates the build-up and recovery rates of fatigue under conditions of chronic sleep restriction versus acute total sleep deprivation; nonetheless, it does not accurately predict the disproportionately rapid recovery seen after total sleep deprivation. To improve the model, we hypothesized that the homeostatic process may also modulate the allostatic process, with the magnitude of this effect scaling as a function of time awake. Results To test our hypothesis, we added a parameter to the model to capture modulation by the homeostatic process of the allostatic process build-up during wakefulness and dissipation during sleep. Parameter estimation using previously published laboratory datasets of fatigue showed this parameter as significantly different from zero (p<0.05) and yielding a 10%–20% improvement in goodness-of-fit for recovery without adversely affecting goodness-of-fit for pre-recovery days. Conclusion Inclusion of a modulation effect of the allostatic process by the homeostatic process improved prediction accuracy in a variety of sleep loss and circadian misalignment scenarios. In addition to operational relevance for duty/rest scheduling, this finding has implications for understanding mechanisms underlying the homeostatic and allostatic processes of sleep/wake regulation. Support (if any) Federal Express Corporation

scholarly journals Neonatal Sleep Restriction Increases Nociceptive Sensitivity in Adolescent Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (21;1) ◽  
pp. E137-E148
Author(s):  
Monica L Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Periaqueductal Gray ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Nociceptive Response ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Nociceptive Sensitivity ◽  
Neonatal Mice

Background: Sleep loss in infants may have a negative effect on the functional and structural development of the nociceptive system. We tested the hypothesis that neonatal sleep restriction induces a long-term increase of pain-related behaviors in mice and that this hypersensitivity occurs due to changes in the neuronal activity of nociceptive pathways. Objectives: We aim to investigate the effects of sleep loss in neonatal mice on pain behaviors of adolescent and adult mice in a sex-dependent manner. We also analyzed neuroanatomical and functional changes in pain pathways associated with behavioral changes. Study Design: An experimental animal study. Setting: A basic sleep research laboratory at Universidade Federal de São Paulo in Brazil. Methods: Neonatal mice at postnatal day (PND) 12 were randomly assigned to either control (CTRL), maternal separation (MS), or sleep restriction (SR) groups. MS and SR were performed 2 hours a day for 10 days (PND 12 until PND 21). The gentle handling method was used to prevent sleep. At PND 21, PND 35, or PND 90, the mice were tested for pain-related behaviors. Their brains were harvested and immunohistochemically stained for c-Fos protein in the anterior cingulate cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Results: Neonatal SR significantly increased nociceptive sensitivity in the hot plate test in adolescent mice (-23.5% of pain threshold). This alteration in nociceptive response was accompanied by a decrease in c-Fos expression in PAG (-40% of c-Fos positive cells compared to the CTRL group). The hypersensitivity found in adolescent mice was not present in adult animals, and all mice showed a comparable nociceptive response. Limitations: Even using a mild manipulation method, in which a minimal amount of handling was applied to maintain wakefulness, sleep deprivation was a stressful event evidenced by higher corticosterone levels. Conclusion: Repeated exposures to sleep loss during early life were able to induce changes in the nociceptive response associated with alterations in neural activity in descending control of pain. Key words: Brain maturation, hypersensitivity, neuronal activity, nociception, pain, periaqueductal gray, postnatal development, sleep, sleep deprivation

scholarly journals The Effect of Sleep Deprivation and Restriction on Mood, Emotion, and Emotion Regulation: Three Meta-Analyses in One

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara C Tomaso ◽  
Anna B Johnson ◽  
Timothy D Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Affective Functioning ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Regulation G ◽  
G 11 ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Study objectives New theory and measurement approaches have facilitated nuanced investigation of how sleep loss impacts dimensions of affective functioning. To provide a quantitative summary of this literature, three conceptually related meta-analyses examined the effect of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation across the lifespan (i.e., from early childhood to late adulthood). Method A total of 241 effect sizes from 64 studies were selected for inclusion, and multilevel meta-analytic techniques were used when applicable. Results There was a moderate, positive effect of sleep loss on negative mood (g = .45), which was stronger for studies with younger samples, as well as a large, negative effect of sleep loss on positive mood (g = -.93); type of sleep manipulation (i.e., restriction or deprivation) did not moderate either effect. After correcting for publication bias, a modest but significant negative effect emerged for the effect of sleep on emotion (g = .11); the valence of emotional stimuli did not change the direction of this effect, and type of sleep manipulation was also not a significant moderator. Finally, sleep restriction had a small, negative effect on adaptive emotion regulation (g = -.32), but no significant impact on maladaptive emotion regulation (g = .14); all studies on adaptive emotion regulation were conducted with youth samples. Conclusions Sleep loss compromises optimal affective functioning, though the magnitude of effects varies across components. Findings underscore the importance of sleep for healthy affective outcomes.

122 Different Duration Psychomotor Vigilance Tests Show Robust Stable Relationships Across Sleep Loss That Deteriorate in Recovery

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A50-A50
Author(s):  
Caroline Antler ◽  
Erika Yamazaki ◽  
Courtney Casale ◽  
Tess Brieva ◽  
Namni Goel
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Introduction The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), a behavioral attention measure widely used to capture sleep loss deficits, is available in 10-minute (PVT10) and 3-minute (PVT3) versions. The PVT3 is a briefer and presumably comparable assessment to the more commonly used PVT10 yet the relationship between the measures from the two versions across specific time points and in recovery after sleep loss has not been investigated. Repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) evaluated within-individual associations between measures on the PVT10 and PVT3 throughout a highly controlled sleep deprivation study. Methods Forty-one healthy adults (ages 21-49; mean±SD, 33.9±8.9y; 18 females) participated in a 13-night experiment consisting of 2 baseline nights (10h-12h time in bed, TIB) followed by 5 sleep restriction (SR1-5) nights (4h TIB), 4 recovery nights (R1-R4; 12h TIB), and 36h total sleep deprivation (TSD). A neurobehavioral test battery, including the PVT10 and PVT3 was completed every 2h during wakefulness. Rmcorr compared PVT10 and PVT3 lapses (reaction time [RT] >355ms [PVT3] or >500ms [PVT10]) and response speed (1/RT) by examining correlations by day (e.g., baseline day 2) and by time point (e.g., 1000h-2000h). Rmcorr ranges were as follows: 0.1-0.3, small; 0.3-0.5, moderate; 0.5-0.7, large; 0.7-0.9, very large. Results All time point correlations (1000h-2000h) were significant (moderate to large for lapses; large to very large for 1/RT). Lapses demonstrated large correlations during R1, moderate correlations during SR1-SR5 and TSD, and small correlations during R2 and R4, and showed no significant correlations during baseline or R3. 1/RT correlations were large for SR1-SR4 and TSD, moderate for SR5 and R1-R4, and small for baseline. Conclusion The various PVT relationships were consistently strong at specific times of day throughout the study. In addition, higher correlations observed for 1/RT relative to lapses and during SR and TSD relative to baseline and recovery suggest that the PVT10 and PVT3 are most similar and best follow performance when most individuals are experiencing behavioral attention deficits during sleep loss. Both measures track SR and TSD performance well, with 1/RT presenting as more comparable between the PVT10 and PVT3. Support (if any) ONR Award N00014-11-1-0361; NIH UL1TR000003; NASA NNX14AN49G and 80NSSC20K0243; NIHR01DK117488

scholarly journals O040 Sleep restriction impairs the ability to integrate multiple pieces of information into a decision

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A17-A17
Author(s):  
S Drummond ◽  
J Lim ◽  
J Boardman ◽  
C Anderson ◽  
D Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Single Piece ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Sleep deprivation impacts overall decision-making, though the impact on specific components of decision-making are less well studied, especially outside of total sleep deprivation. Here, we examine the effects of sleep restriction on the ability to integrate multiple pieces of information into a decision. Methods Healthy adults (n=41; age=27.9±6.0 years, 20F) lived in the sleep lab for 2 counterbalanced conditions: well-rested (WR: 9-hour sleep opportunity for 4 nights) and sleep restriction (SR: one 9-hour night, followed by three 3-hour nights). Following the last night of each condition, participants performed the decision task. Across 48 trials, participants first saw two containers, with different numbers of black and white balls. Eight balls were randomly drawn, with replacement, from one unknown container. Participants decided which container was used, based on the “odds” each container was used and draw results (“evidence”). Mathematical modelling determined the amount of weight given to odds/evidence. The “best” decisions integrate both pieces of information. Results When WR, participants utilised both pieces of information to make their decisions, though odds were given slightly more weight. During SR, the amount of weight given to the odds did not change, and the weight given to the evidence decreased significantly. Conclusion SR impaired the ability to integrate multiple pieces of information into a decision. Instead, participants focused on a single piece of easy-to-understand information and did not fully utilise a harder-to-understand piece of information. This has implications for complex applied environments where individuals have large amounts of information with which to make decisions.

118 Relationships Between Perceptions of Subjective States Differ by Sleep Loss and During Recovery in Healthy Adults

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A48-A48
Author(s):  
Courtney Casale ◽  
Tess Brieva ◽  
Erika Yamazaki ◽  
Caroline Antler ◽  
Namni Goel
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Subjective States ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Introduction The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Profile of Mood States Fatigue and Vigor subscales (POMS-F and POMS-V) are commonly used to assess subjective sleepiness, fatigue and vigor in response to sleep loss. However, the detailed time course of relationships between these measures across sleep loss and recovery remains unknown yet is critical for assessing varying changes in perception of subjective states. Repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) examined within-individual association between the measures throughout a highly controlled sleep deprivation study. Methods Forty-one healthy adults (ages 21-49; mean±SD, 33.9±8.9y; 18 females) participated in a 13-night experiment consisting of two baseline nights (10h-12h time-in-bed, TIB) followed by 5 sleep restriction (SR) nights (4h TIB), 4 recovery nights (12h TIB), and 36h total sleep deprivation (TSD). A neurobehavioral test battery, including the KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V, was administered every 2h during wakefulness. Rmcorr compared KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V scores by examining correlations by study day (e.g., Baseline day 2) and by time point (e.g., 1000h-2000h). Rmcorr cutoffs were as follows: r=0.1:small, 0.3:moderate, 0.5:large. Results KSS and POMS-F maintained positive correlations throughout the study, whereas POMS-F and POMS-V and KSS and POMS-V were inversely correlated. All correlations were significant except those for POMS-F and POMS-V across recovery day 1 and KSS and POMS-F across recovery day 4. All measure pairs showed moderate to large correlations across baseline and SR1-5, but only small to moderate correlations across recovery. KSS and POMS-F and KSS and POMS-V showed moderate to large correlations across TSD; however, POMS-F and POMS-V only showed a small correlation. All three pairs showed consistent moderate (POMS-F and POMS-V) or large (KSS and POMS-F, KSS and POMS-V [moderate at 2000h]) correlations when analyzed by time point across the study. Conclusion Overall, the strength of relationships between KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V scores varied as a function of type of sleep loss (SR or TSD) and by fully rested states, but not by time of day. This demonstrates the importance of determining perceptions of sleepiness, fatigue, and vigor in relation to each other, especially during recovery for all three constructs. Support (if any) ONR Award No. N00014-11-1-0361; NIH UL1TR000003;NASA NNX14AN49G and 80NSSC20K0243;NIH R01DK117488

043 Sleep Restriction Affects Memory in Healthy Adults: Preliminary Findings

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A18-A19
Author(s):  
Molly Zimmerman ◽  
Christiane Hale ◽  
Adam Brickman ◽  
Lok-Kin Yeung ◽  
Justin Cochran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Neuropsychological Function ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Sleep Condition ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Sleep loss has a range of detrimental effects on cognitive ability. However, few studies have examined the impact of sleep restriction on neuropsychological function using an experimental design. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which maintained insufficient sleep affects cognition in healthy adults compared to habitual adequate sleep. Methods This study used a randomized, crossover, outpatient sleep restriction design. Adults who regularly slept at least 7 h/night, verified by 2 weeks of screening with actigraphy, completed 2 phases of 6 weeks each: habitual sleep (>7 h of sleep/night) or sleep restriction (habitual sleep minus 1.5 h) separated by a 6-week washout period. During the sleep restriction phase, participants were asked to delay their bedtime by 1.5 hours/night while maintaining their habitual wake time. Neuropsychological function was evaluated with the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery at baseline (week 0) and endpoint (week 6) of each intervention phase. The NIH Toolbox evaluates a range of cognitive abilities, including attention, executive functioning, and working memory. General linear models with post hoc paired t-tests were used to assess demographically-adjusted test scores prior to and following each sleep condition. Results At the time of analyses, 16 participants were enrolled (age 34.5□14.5 years, 9 women), 10 of whom had completed study procedures. An interaction between sleep condition and testing session revealed that individuals performed worse on List Sorting, a working memory test, after sleep restriction but improved slightly after habitual sleep (p<0.001). While not statistically reliable, the pattern of test results was similar on the other tests of processing speed, executive function, and attention. Conclusion In these preliminary results from this randomized experimental study, we demonstrated that sleep restriction has a negative impact while stable habitual adequate sleep has a positive impact on working memory, or the ability to temporarily hold information in mind while executing task demands. This finding contributes to our understanding of the complex interplay between different aspects of sleep quality (i.e., both sleep restriction as well as the maintenance of stable sleep patterns) on cognition and underscores the importance of routine sleep screening as part of medical evaluations. Support (if any):

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