DETERMINAN INDEKS KEBAHAGIAAN DI INDONESIA

ABSTRAK Tolok ukur untuk melihat kemakmuran sebuah Negara dapat dilihat dari GDP yang ada di negara tersebut. Ukuran kesejahteraan tidak hanya diukur berdasarkan substansi akan tetapi diukur berdasarkan keadaan subjektif atau kebahagiaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi kebahagiaan di Indonesia periode 2014 dan 2017. Analisis yang digunakan yaitu model regresi data panel. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel pendidikan, kesehatan, indeks gini serta zis berpengaruh secara terhadap kebahagiaan di Indonesia. Sedangkan variabel PDRB per kapita, kemiskinan, dan Indeks Demokrasi. Kata Kunci: Indeks Kebahagiaan, IPM, Kemiskinan, Indeks Gini, Zakat, Indeks Demokrasi ABSTRACTThe benchmark for seeing the prosperity of a country can be seen from the GDP in that country. The measure of well-being is not only measured based on substance but is measured based on subjective states or happiness. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence happiness in Indonesia for the period 2014 and 2017. The analysis used is a panel data regression model. This study shows that the variables of education, health, Gini index and zis have a significant effect on happiness in Indonesia. While the variables are per capita GRDP, poverty, and the Democracy Index.Keywords: Happiness Index, HDI, Poverty, Gini Index, Zakat, Democracy Index

Psychedelic Epistemology: William James and the “Noetic Quality” of Mystical Experience

William James proposed in 1902 that states of mystical experience, central to his idea of religious experience, can be identified based on their ineffability and their noetic quality. The epistemological category of the noetic quality, modified by W. T. Stace in 1960, plays a central but somewhat confounding role in today’s biomedical research involving psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. Using scales based on James, it can be shown that psychedelics “reliably occasion” intense subjective states of experience or mystical states. It is debated whether these states are necessary for the wide range of possible mental health therapeutic benefits that appear to follow. This paper reviews what James said about the noetic quality and its relationship to religious experience, epistemology, and states of mystical experience. It explores how the noetic quality is measured in today’s research, addressing a growing list of concerns that psychedelic science can be epistemologically biased, that it is hostile to atheistic or physicalist views, that it injects religion unduly into science, or that it needs to find ways to eliminate the mystical element, if not the entire intense subjective experience altogether.

Introduction

This chapter outlines the main themes of the essays that follow. It also occasionally corrects or clarifies them, and sometimes it discusses more recent literature than they do. One central theme is cognitive conditions and their contents. For example, is epistêmê knowledge as it is conceived of nowadays? Are doxa and dogma belief as it is conceived of nowadays? This chapter also asks whether Plato and/or Aristotle countenances some version of a Two Worlds Theory; and whether ancient skeptics countenance subjective states and/or external world skepticism. It also explains some key distinctions used throughout, such as that between concept and conception.

Evolutionary puzzle: discussing the evolution of sentience in Metazoa through a phylogenetic perspective

Sentience is the capacity of organisms to feel and experience through subjective states. During the last years, several investigations have indicated that response mechanisms to harmful stimuli can be highly conserved among the Metazoa. However, there is a research bias towards vertebrates in the available studies. Here we discuss the evolution of the nervous and sensory system, pain and nociception in animals through a phylogenetic perspective testing the hypothesis of common ancestry of sentience. Our results indicate that characteristics related to sentience - morphological and molecular and behavioural -, were already present in the common ancestors of Metazoa, Eumetazoa and Bilateria. Our phylogenetic hypotheses positioned Porifera as the sister-group to all the other Metazoa, corroborating the hypothesis of a single origin of the nervous system. Our results also depict Urbilateria as the ancestor of the metazoan toolkit related to the sentience. These scenarios suggest that some attributes of the sensory system may have appeared even before the emergence of the nervous system, through possible cooptations of sensory modules of the first Metazoa.

118 Relationships Between Perceptions of Subjective States Differ by Sleep Loss and During Recovery in Healthy Adults

Introduction The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Profile of Mood States Fatigue and Vigor subscales (POMS-F and POMS-V) are commonly used to assess subjective sleepiness, fatigue and vigor in response to sleep loss. However, the detailed time course of relationships between these measures across sleep loss and recovery remains unknown yet is critical for assessing varying changes in perception of subjective states. Repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) examined within-individual association between the measures throughout a highly controlled sleep deprivation study. Methods Forty-one healthy adults (ages 21-49; mean±SD, 33.9±8.9y; 18 females) participated in a 13-night experiment consisting of two baseline nights (10h-12h time-in-bed, TIB) followed by 5 sleep restriction (SR) nights (4h TIB), 4 recovery nights (12h TIB), and 36h total sleep deprivation (TSD). A neurobehavioral test battery, including the KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V, was administered every 2h during wakefulness. Rmcorr compared KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V scores by examining correlations by study day (e.g., Baseline day 2) and by time point (e.g., 1000h-2000h). Rmcorr cutoffs were as follows: r=0.1:small, 0.3:moderate, 0.5:large. Results KSS and POMS-F maintained positive correlations throughout the study, whereas POMS-F and POMS-V and KSS and POMS-V were inversely correlated. All correlations were significant except those for POMS-F and POMS-V across recovery day 1 and KSS and POMS-F across recovery day 4. All measure pairs showed moderate to large correlations across baseline and SR1-5, but only small to moderate correlations across recovery. KSS and POMS-F and KSS and POMS-V showed moderate to large correlations across TSD; however, POMS-F and POMS-V only showed a small correlation. All three pairs showed consistent moderate (POMS-F and POMS-V) or large (KSS and POMS-F, KSS and POMS-V [moderate at 2000h]) correlations when analyzed by time point across the study. Conclusion Overall, the strength of relationships between KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V scores varied as a function of type of sleep loss (SR or TSD) and by fully rested states, but not by time of day. This demonstrates the importance of determining perceptions of sleepiness, fatigue, and vigor in relation to each other, especially during recovery for all three constructs. Support (if any) ONR Award No. N00014-11-1-0361; NIH UL1TR000003;NASA NNX14AN49G and 80NSSC20K0243;NIH R01DK117488

Happiness is from the soul: The nature and origins of our happiness concept

What is happiness? Is happiness about feeling good or about being good? Across five studies, we explored the nature and origins of our happiness concept developmentally and cross-linguistically. We found that surprisingly, children as young as age 4 viewed morally bad people as less happy than morally good people, even if the characters all have positive subjective states (Study 1). Moral character did not affect attributions of physical traits (Study 2), and was more powerfully weighted than subjective states in attributions of happiness (Study 3). Moreover, moral character but not intelligence influenced children and adults’ happiness attributions (Study 4). Finally, Chinese people responded similarly when attributing happiness with two words, despite one (“Gao Xing”) being substantially more descriptive than the other (“Kuai Le”) (Study 5). Therefore, we found that moral judgment plays a relatively unique role in happiness attributions, which is surprisingly early emerging and largely independent of linguistic and cultural influences, and thus likely reflects a fundamental cognitive feature of the mind.

Introduction

In the ethical debates that begin with Socrates, some questions receive different answers and new questions arise from the old. (1) Some theories of morality take the good to be prior to the right. Others argue that the right is to be defined independently of the good. (2) Some conceptions of the good are subjective, in so far as they suppose that a person’s good consists in some subjective state of the person, such as pleasure, tranquillity, or the satisfaction of one’s desires. Other conceptions are objective, since they hold that one’s subjective states do not wholly determine whether or not one is well off. (3) Some views hold that one’s own good includes or requires the good of other people. Other views maintain that the good of others does not necessarily promote one’s own good.