Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Thieme ◽  
Dario Vallainc ◽  
Timo Moritz
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Mugil Cephalus ◽  
Larval Rearing ◽  
Morphological Investigation ◽  
Osteological Development ◽  
Fish Taxon ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Median Fins

Abstract Within the fish taxon Mugiliformes, the larval development of Mugil cephalus has been studied most intensively, because it has the widest range of distribution among all mugilids and is of interest to aquaculture all over the world. Although numerous studies have dealt with larval rearing, growth and development, the osteological development of M. cephalus and mugiliforms in general has largely been neglected. Herein, we describe the skeletal development of mullets for the first time. Cleared and double-stained specimens of aquaculture-reared M. cephalus and wild-caught mugilid larvae were examined to describe the early development of the pectoral and pelvic girdle, the vertebral column and the caudal and median fins. The description of four embryonic and six larval developmental steps within the embryonic and larval period enables us to compare larval sizes of reared and wild-caught larvae. Ontogenetic fusions of ural centra 1 and 2 into a compound centrum, in addition to the fusion of two pterygiophores in the anal fin, have implications for the perception of the adult morphology. Moreover, comparison of mugilid development with that of other ovalentarian taxa shows that recent phylogenetic hypotheses need further morphological investigation.

Triassic roots of the amphiastraeid scleractinian corals

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Roniewicz ◽  
Jarosław Stolarski
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Radial Symmetry ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Phylogenetic Status ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time

The Early Carnian (Upper Triassic) phaceloid coral originally described by Volz (1896) asHexastraea fritschi, type species ofQuenstedtiphylliaMelnikova, 1975, reproduced asexually by “Taschenknospung” (pocket-budding), a process documented herein for the first time. This type of budding is recognized only in the Amphiastraeidae, a family thus far recorded only from Jurassic-Cretaceous strata. Similar to amphiastraeids,Quenstedtiphyllia fritschi(Volz, 1896) has separate septal calcification centers and a mid-septal zone built of serially arranged trabeculae. The most important discriminating characters of the new amphiastraeid subfamily Quenstedtiphylliinae are one-zonalendotheca and radial symmetry of the corallite in the adult stage (in contrast to two-zonal and bilateral symmetry in the adult stage in Amphiastraeinae).Quenstedtiphyllia fritschishares several primitive skeletal characters (plesiomorphies) with representatives of Triassic Zardinophyllidae and, possibly, Paleozoic plerophylline rugosans: e.g., thick epithecal wall and strongly bilateral early blastogenetic stages with the earliest corallite having one axial initial septum. To interpret the phylogenetic status of amphiastraeid corals, we performed two analyses using plerophylline rugosans and the solitary scleractinianProtoheterastraea, respectively, as the outgroups. The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses support grouping the Zardinophyllidae with the Amphiastraeidae in the clade Pachythecaliina (synapomorphy: presence of pachytheca). Taschenknospung is considered an autapomorphy for the Amphiastraeidae. This study is the first attempt to analyze the relationships of the Triassic corals cladistically.

Typifications, synonymizations and nomenclatural notes in Myrcia sect. Reticulosae (Myrtaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 437 (5) ◽  
pp. 245-278
Author(s):  
THIAGO FERNANDES ◽  
DUANE F. LIMA ◽  
EVE J. LUCAS ◽  
JOÃO MARCELO ALVARENGA BRAGA
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Campo Rupestre ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Cohesive Group ◽  
Rocky Outcrop ◽  
Respective Type ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time

Myrcia sect. Reticulosae comprises ca. 15 Brazilian endemic species distributed mainly in Atlantic Forest, Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) and Campo Rupestre (rocky outcrop vegetation). These species appeared as a cohesive group for the first time in recent phylogenetic hypotheses and their taxonomic revision is currently underway. In this context, this study aims to properly link the names to their respective type materials, presenting necessary lectotypifications and neotypifications, along with nomenclatural notes for nine species. Additionally, two new synonyms are proposed.

scholarly journals Two continents and two names for a Neotropical colletid bee species (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Neopasiphaeinae): Hoplocolletes ventralis (Friese, 1924)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo A B Almeida ◽  
Fábio B Quinteiro
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
South America ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time

Neopasiphaeinae bees (Apoidea: Colletidae) are well known for their Amphinotic distribution in the Australian and Neotropical regions. Affinities between colletid taxa in Australia and South America have been speculated for decades, and have been confirmed by recent phylogenetic hypotheses that indicate a biogeographic scenario compatible with a trans-Antarctic biotic connection during the Paleogene. Despite this proximity, no species occurs on both sides of the Pacific Ocean, but the Neotropical species Hoplocolletes ventralis (Friese, 1924), which was described as an Australian taxon due to an error in the specimen labels. This mistake was recognized by C.D.Michener 50 years ago. We herein report that the same labeling problem also happened with Dasycolletes chalceus Friese, 1924, which remained as a tentatively placed species in the Australian genus Leioproctus until now. Moreover, Dasycolletes chalceus is interpreted as a synonym of Dasycolletes ventralis. We also provide a revised diagnosis for Hoplocolletes, describe the male of H. ventralis in detail for the first time, including a comparative study of its genitalia and associated sterna.

scholarly journals Immature stages and phylogenetic importance of Astrapaeus, a rove beetle genus of puzzling systematic position (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylinini)

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-p4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Pietrykowska-Tudruj ◽  
Bernard Staniec ◽  
Tadeusz Wojas ◽  
Alexey Solodovnikov
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Rove Beetle ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time

For the first time eggs, larvae and pupae obtained by rearing are described for Astrapaeus, a monotypic West Palearctic rove beetle genus of a puzzling phylogenetic position within the megadiverse tribe Staphylinini. Morphology of the immature stages of Astrapaeus ulmi is compared to that of other members of the tribe and discussed in a phylogenetic context. Contrary to conventional systematics and in accordance with recently developed phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphology of adults, larval morphology supports the non-Quediina affiliation of Astrapaeus. Eggs and pupae provided fewer characters with putative phylogenetic signal. Under laboratory conditions, a peculiar preference for isopod prey was observed for A. ulmi. However, this could not be evaluated in an evolutionary context because of the lack of data on the diet of this and related taxa in nature.

Morphological investigation of glandular hairs on Drosera capensis leaves with an ultrastructural study of the sessile glands

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yougasphree Naidoo ◽  
Samia Heneidak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Morphological Investigation ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Glandular Hairs ◽  
Red Hair ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Radial Cell ◽  
Electron And Light Microscopy ◽  
First Time ◽  
Mucilage Secretion

Electron and light microscopy were employed to elucidate the types of glandular hairs on Drosera capensis L. leaves. Eight types of stalked and sessile hairs were found. One type of long-stalked red hair is present only along the margin of the adaxial surface of the leaf, and five types of short-stalked hairs exist mainly on the central part of the adaxial surface of the leaf. Two types of sessile glands are abundantly distributed on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. The sessile glands of two head cells are described for the first time in D. capensis, and the sessile glands of four head cells are illustrated for the first time in the genus Drosera. The presence of a secretion from the two head cells of the sessile glands and the dark large vesicles inside them suggests a secretory function. Numerous wall ingrowths are present in the outer tangential and radial cell walls of the head cells of the sessile glands, increasing the surface area to facilitate mucilage secretion.

The combination of bivariate and multivariate methods to analyze character synchronization and early allometric growth patterns in the stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) as tools for better understanding larval behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1528-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Eshaghzadeh ◽  
Carles Alcaraz ◽  
Arash Akbarzadeh ◽  
Enric Gisbert
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Acipenser Stellatus ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Median Fins

Multivariate allometry patterns and length at metamorphosis (Lm) were determined in Acipenser stellatus by means of principal component analysis from 12 morphometric characters. The multivariate analysis differentiated three growth stanzas: the prelarval, larval, and early juvenile stages. The prelarval stage comprised the period from hatching (9.7 mm in total length, TL) to the transition to exogenous feeding (17.7 mm TL, Lm1), a period characterized by yolk sac depletion and fast growth of the anterior and posterior body regions. These changes coincided with the development of sensory, feeding, respiratory, and swimming systems to improve foraging behavior and predator avoidance. During the larval period (17.7–52.8 mm, Lm1–Lm2), specimens reached a juvenile phenotype characterized by the development of median fins, elongation and flattening of the snout and formation of bony scutes, and the improvement of their swimming capacities, allowing larvae to regulate their dispersal distance from the spawning grounds. The end of the larval period and acquisition of the juvenile phenotype were found after Lm2 when some variables reached isometry or even displayed a negative allometric growth.

Life history and larval morphology of Chrysolampus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Chrysolampinae) in western North America

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2168-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Christopher Darling ◽  
Terry D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Host Location ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time

Species of Chrysolampus are widely distributed in arid regions of western North America and parasitize tychiine weevils that infest the seed pods of legumes. Detailed host information is presented for the first time: Chrysolampus sisymbrii parasitizes Tychius tectus in Astragalus inflexus and Chrysolampus schwarzi parasitizes Tychius lineellus in Lupinus leucophyllus. Data are presented on phenology, sex ratio, mating and oviposition behaviour of adults, and behaviour and development of larvae and pupae. Ovipositional promiscuity (i.e., eggs are equally likely to be laid in pods infested or uninfested with weevil larvae) is documented in both species of Chrysolampus and discussed from a historical perspective. The immature stages of C. sisymbrii and C. schwarzi are described and illustrated using both light and scanning electron microscopy, and hypermetamorphic development is documented; the first-instar larva is morphologically distinct from the remaining larval instars. On the basis of both life history and morphology it is appropriate to refer to the first-instar larvae as planidia. The first-instar larva is sclerotized, mobile, and actively involved in host location and attack, and it is regarded as homologous to the planidia of the Eucharitidae and Perilampidae. Previous phylogenetic hypotheses regarding Chrysolampus, the Eucharitidae, and the Perilampidae are reevaluated and discussed in light of these new morphological, behavioural, and ecological data.

scholarly journals FGF signalling plays similar roles in development and regeneration of the skeleton in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Czarkwiani ◽  
David V. Dylus ◽  
Luisana Carballo ◽  
Paola Oliveri
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Brittle Star ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Amphiura Filiformis ◽  
Fgf Signalling ◽  
First Time

AbstractRegeneration is an adult developmental process considered to be an epiphenomenon of embryonic development. Although several studies have shown that various embryonic genes are expressed during regeneration, there have been no large-scale, direct and functional comparative studies between the development and regeneration of a specific structure in one animal. Here, we use the brittle star Amphiura filiformis to characterise the role of the FGF signalling pathway during skeletal development and regeneration. In both processes, we find the ligands expressed in ectodermal cells flanking underlying mesodermal cells, and the receptors expressed specifically by these skeletogenic cells. Perturbation of FGF but not VEGF signalling during skeletogenesis completely inhibited skeleton formation in both embryogenesis and regeneration, without affecting other key developmental processes like cell migration or proliferation. Transcriptome-wide differential analysis identified a highly similar cohort of skeletogenic differentiation genes downstream of the FGF signalling pathway, whereas upstream transcription factors involved in the initial specification of the skeletogenic lineage where unaffected. Comparison to the sea urchin indicated that many of the affected genes are associated with differentiation. Moreover, several genes showed no homology to a cohort from other species, leading to the discovery of brittle star specific, downstream skeletogenic genes. In conclusion, our results show that the FGF pathway is crucial for skeletogenesis in the brittle star, as it is in other deuterostomes, and for the first time provide evidence for the re-deployment of a gene regulatory module during both regeneration and development.

scholarly journals Two continents and two names for a Neotropical colletid bee species (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Neopasiphaeinae):Hoplocolletes ventralis(Friese, 1924)

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1338
Author(s):  
Eduardo A.B. Almeida ◽  
Fábio B. Quinteiro
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
South America ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time

Neopasiphaeine bees (Apoidea: Colletidae) are known for their Amphinotic distribution in the Australian and Neotropical regions. Affinities between colletid taxa in Australia and South America have been speculated for decades, and have been confirmed by recent phylogenetic hypotheses that indicate a biogeographic scenario compatible with a trans-Antarctic biotic connection during the Paleogene. No neopasiphaeine species occurs on both sides of the Pacific Ocean, but the Neotropical speciesHoplocolletes ventralis(Friese, 1924) was described as an Australian taxon due to an error in the specimen labels. This mistake was recognized by CD Michener 50 years ago. We herein report that the same labeling problem also happened withDasycolletes chalceusFriese, 1924, which remained as a tentatively placed species in the Australian genusLeioproctusuntil now. Moreover,Dasycolletes chalceusis interpreted as a synonym ofHoplocolletes ventralis. We also provide a revised diagnosis forHoplocolletes, describe the male ofH. ventralisin detail for the first time, including a comparative study of its genitalia and associated sterna.

World genera of Mastigitae: review of morphological structures and new ecological data (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4453 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAWEŁ JAŁOSZYŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Ecological Adaptations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Maxillary Palps

Mastigitae comprise most unusual ant-like stone beetles, showing intriguing morphological characters and ecological adaptations. The largest adults among Scydmaeninae can be found in this group; some reaching nearly 9 mm in length, but there are also adults as small as 1.10 mm. Members of Leptomastacini are microphthalmous and depigmented; Mastigini are often black or contrastingly bicolored and have diurnal life style, adults of some species climbing bushes and trees. Papusini inhabit the driest North American deserts and are active during the warmest time of the year; other taxa live in subtropical forests; some are known to enter caves. Adults of some genera have enigmatic modifications of maxillary palps, postgenae or antennae, whose functions still remain unknown. In one genus the male genitalia are enormously elongate, so that these beetles have evolved a method of copulation not known in any other Coleoptera. The evolutionary history of Mastigitae is documented by fossils since the Upper Cretaceous, and extinct forms are even more 'extreme' in their spiny antennae and unusually elongate appendages than their extant relatives. Although phylogenetic hypotheses have been proposed to clarify the relationships and classification of Mastigitae, morphological structures of most genera remain undescribed. They are reviewed in the present synopsis, with detailed descriptions and illustrations of adult structures of all extant genera (Ablepton, Leptomastax, Taurablepton, Mastigus, Palaeostigus, Stenomastigus, Leptochromus, Clidicus and Papusus), with a brief review of known larval forms and fossils. Novel ecological data are given, with emphasis on habitat preferences and feeding behavior. The 'springtail trap' hypothesis for the spiny antennae of Mastigini is rejected, based on field observations and laboratory experiments. For the first time, details of feeding for Palaeostigus and Leptomastax are described. A checklist of species is given, and the main problems related to the classification, phylogeny and ecology of Mastigitae are discussed. 

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