Exogenous dopamine and overexpression of the dopamine synthase gene MdTYDC alleviated apple replant disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengteng Gao ◽  
Yusong Liu ◽  
Xiaomin Liu ◽  
Kai Zhao ◽  
Lei Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Replant Disease

Abstract Apple replant disease (ARD) is a soil-borne disease that leads to economic losses due to reduced plant growth and diminished fruit yields. Dopamine is involved in interactions between plants and pathogens. However, it remains unclear whether dopamine can directly stimulate defense responses to ARD. In this study, an exogenous dopamine treatment and dopamine synthetase MdTYDC (tyrosine decarboxylase) transgenic plants were used to verify the role of dopamine in treating ARD. First, two-year-old trees of Malus domestica cv. Fuji apple, grafted onto rootstock M.26, were grown in replant soils. The addition of dopamine (100 μM) to the soil promoted seedling growth and changed the accumulation of mineral elements in plants in replant soils. Such supplementation improved the activity of invertase, urease, proteinase, and phosphatase under replant conditions. Sequencing analysis of 16S rDNA and ITS rDNA revealed that dopamine had a slight influence on bacterial diversity, but had an obvious effect on fungal diversity in replant soils. The application of dopamine to replant soil changed the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. Second, overexpression of MdTYDC in apple plants alleviated the effects of ARD. MdTYDC transgenic lines exhibited mitigated ARD through inhibited degradation of photosynthetic pigment, maintaining the stability of photosystem I and II, and improving the antioxidant system. Furthermore, overexpression of MdTYDC improved arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization by improving the accumulation of soluble sugars under replant conditions. Together these results demonstrated that dopamine enhances the tolerance of apples to ARD.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhiza improve apple rootstock growth in soil conducive to specific apple replant disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
H.J. Ridgway ◽  
J. Kandula ◽  
A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Species Specific

Specific apple replant disease (SARD) impairs the growth and establishment of trees in replanted apple orchards Apple roots are normally colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) which may have beneficial effects on plant growth Four AMF inoculation treatments (three species of AMF Glomus mosseae Acaulospora laevis and Scutellospora calospora and an uninoculated control) were applied to M26 apple rootstock seedlings in SARD and nonSARD soil Of the fungi inoculated S calospora had the greatest beneficial effect in improving shoot and root dry weight and shoot length in SARD soil More disease symptoms occurred on main and feeder roots in SARD soil and none of the inoculated AMF fungi reduced these Both A laevis and S calospora significantly increased shoot length and gave a higher percentage of AMFcolonised roots in nonSARD soil These results showed that AMF improve tolerance of apple to SARD and indicate that the beneficial effect is species specific Characterisation of endogenous mycorrhizae in the soil identified S pellucida This is a new species record for New Zealand and provides the opportunity to determine whether the beneficial effect is specific to the genus Scutellospora

scholarly journals Señales de reconocimiento entre plantas y hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Ramírez Gómez ◽  
Alia Rodríguez Villate
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Nutrient Exchange ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Host Defense System ◽  
Plant Families

<p>La asociación entre Hongo formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HFMA) y las plantas ha permitido la adaptación de éstas a ecosistemas terrestres, presentándose en más del 80% de las plantas. El hospedero suministra carbohidratos al hongo y éste transporta los nutrientes que la planta requiere. El establecimiento de la simbiosis requiere procesos armónicos a nivel espacio-temporal, que dependen de señales específicas, para reconocimiento, colonización e intercambio de nutrientes. Las plantas presentan respuestas de defensa frente a la posible invasión de microorganismos, sin embargo, en la simbiosis éstas son débiles, localizadas y no impiden la colonización del hongo. Estas señales se observan en todas las etapas de la simbiosis, siendo la primera señal enviada por la planta en exudados de la raíz, especialmente en condiciones de bajo fósforo. Posteriormente los HFMA activan la expresión de genes que favorecen cambios a nivel celular para la formación del apresorio, del aparato de pre-penetración y en células de la corteza, del arbúsculo y la membrana periarbuscular, para el intercambio de nutrientes. Un aspecto de interés está relacionado con los mecanismos de atenuación de las respuestas de defensa de la planta. Se han planteado diversas hipótesis para entender este fenómeno y aunque el control de la simbiosis está regulado principalmente por la planta, aún se desconoce si los HFMA generan señales que facilitan el debilitamiento de las respuestas de defensa del hospedero. Este documento está orientado a hacer una revisión de las señales de reconocimiento HFMA - plantas para cada fase de la simbiosis, así como de algunos mecanismos de regulación de las respuestas de defensa de la planta para el establecimiento de la simbiosis.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Recognition Signalling Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Plants</strong></p><p> </p>The arbuscular mycorrhizal association has been instrumental for plant adaptation to terrestrial ecosystems over the last 400 million years. It is known that more than 80% of plant families form this symbiosis .Thus, nutrient exchange and protection from pathogens are thought to be key elements in the symbiosis. For the establishment of the association, harmonic processes for recognition, colonization and nutrients exchange are required both at temporal and space level. Plants react against microorganisms attack by producing defense responses, however, in the case of AM association, plant responses are weak, localized and do not stop colonization by the fungus. Signals are observed along the whole symbiosis process, being the first one produced by the plant through root exudates as a response for P stress. Then, AMF activate genes involved in plant cellular changes required for arbuscle formation, pre-penetration apparatus and at cortex level, the formation of periarbuscular membrane for the bi-directional nutrient exchange. Interestingly, several hypotheses have been formulated to explain the plant defense attenuation. For example, the activation of defense suppressors, the existence of plants with no defence responses to AMF and the existence of plants that suppress their defense response, among others. It is unknown whether the fungi induce low response levels from the host defense system. This document focuses on the signaling recognition between AMF and plants in each symbiosis phase and on the regulation mechanisms of the plant defense responses for the symbiosis establishment.

Growth and physiological responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and salt stress in dioecious plant Populus tomentosa

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1020-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanwei Lu ◽  
Guangquan Wang ◽  
Qingjie Meng ◽  
Wenhui Zhang ◽  
Baoli Duan
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Populus Tomentosa ◽  
Salinity Level ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Low Salinity

This study elucidated whether the beneficial effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis was different in male and female Populus tomentosa Carrière trees. Female and male cuttings of P. tomentosa were treated with two AM fungal regimes, with or without an AM fungus (Glomus constrictum Trappe) inoculation, and with three salt regimes, no salt, low-salinity level (100 mmol·L–1 NaCl), and high-salinity level (200 mmol·L–1 NaCl). Our results showed that AM fungal colonization alleviated the salt-induced reduction in growth, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigment content, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the leaves, stems, and roots under low-salinity conditions. However, these effects were not alleviated under high-salinity conditions. AM fungal colonization was associated with a reinforcement of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPx) and an inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) in treated plants of both genders under low-salinity conditions. Furthermore, sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl–) concentrations in tree organs were lower in the AM than the non-AM plants under the low-salinity condition in both sexes. AM fungal treatment may protect salt-stressed plants via the inhibition of salt-induced oxidative stress, which improves nutrient absorbance and inhibits Na+ transport from the roots to the shoots. In addition, small differences in plant growth induced by AM fungal colonization were observed between sexes, but significant gender differences were obtained in other parameters such as SOD and GPx activities and N and P concentrations.

scholarly journals Assessment of Agro-Ecological Apple Replant Disease (ARD) Management Strategies: Organic Fertilisation and Inoculation with Mycorrhizal Fungi and Bacteria

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Ulrike Cavael ◽  
Peter Lentzsch ◽  
Hilmar Schwärzel ◽  
Frank Eulenstein ◽  
Marion Tauschke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Plant Vigour ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Organic Fertilisation

Apple replant disease (ARD) impacts the economic yield of orchards by physiological and morphological suppression of apple trees on replanted soils. The complexity of replant disease caused by a plethora of biological interactions and physical properties of the soil requires complex management strategies to mitigate these effects. Based on expert recommendations, we selected two management strategies linked to agroecological principles of (a) organic fertilisation with a specific mulch composition (MDK) and (b) biofertilisation with arbuscular mycorrhizal and bacterial strains (AMFbac), applied by a composition of existing products. For both management strategies we provide a proof-of-concept, by pot and field experiments. Both treatments have the potential to mitigate ARD effects on plant vigour. ARD effect was fully mitigated by MDK treatment in the short-term (one year) and was mitigated by up to 29% after seven years of MDK treatment (long-term). MDK provides an additional substrate for root growth. AMFbac has the potential to mitigate ARD effects on plant vigour but with non-replicable plant-beneficial effects in its current form of application. Thereby our results show a principal potential to mitigate economic effects but not to overcome replant disease inducing effects. While the MDK treatment is found resource intensive but reliable, the AMFbac treatment was found more user-friendly.

Plant defense responses induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2002 ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Pozo ◽  
S. Slezack-Deschaumes ◽  
E. Dumas-Gaudot ◽  
S. Gianinazzi ◽  
C. Azcón-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses

scholarly journals Effect of mycorrhiza and phosphorus content in nutrient solution on the yield and nutritional status of tomato plants grown on rockwool or coconut coir

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Kowalska ◽  
Anna Konieczny ◽  
Maciej Gąstoł ◽  
Włodzimierz Sady ◽  
Ewa Hanus-Fajerska
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Coconut Coir

Effects of P level in nutrient solution and the colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on P uptake by tomato plants, their nutritional status, yield and quality of fruits were studied. Plants were grown on rockwool or coconut coir. Inoculation by a mixture of several AMF species was performed three times during the growing period. The mycorrhizal frequency in roots inoculated with AMF amounted to 35.79 – 50.82%. The highest level of mycorrhiza was found in plants receiving nutrient solution with a lower concentration of P. Among the experimental factors, only P level influenced the fruit yield, being higher from plants receiving a nutrient solution with a higher P level. A higher concentration of P in nutrient solution imposed better nutritional status of plants. Higher contents of ascorbic acid and total soluble sugars were found in fruits collected from inoculated plants, grown on rockwool.

scholarly journals The Effect of Rotating Apple Rootstock Genotypes on Apple Replant Disease and Rhizosphere Microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Deakin ◽  
Felicidad Fernández-Fernández ◽  
Julie Bennett ◽  
Tom Passey ◽  
Nicola Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Tree Establishment ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽  
Replant Disease

Continuous plantation of apple trees (Malus pumila) at the same sites where the same or a closely related species were grown previously leads to poor establishment, reduced growth vigor, and subsequent crop losses; this phenomenon is termed apple replant disease (ARD). Management of ARD is a continual challenge due to (i) restrictions on the use of broad-spectrum soil fumigants, (ii) putative causal agents of ARD can be site-specific, and (iii) more than one causal agent can be present at a site. We conducted an experimental study at two orchard sites to investigate the succession effect of rootstock genotypes on apple tree establishment with three specific objectives: (i) whether ARD in newly planted apple trees is more severe if the same rootstock as the previous one is replanted, (ii) whether trees develop better in the aisle than in original tree stations, and (iii) the extent of association of rootstock genotypes with rhizosphere microbiome in relation to ARD. Tree growth and rhizosphere microbiome were assessed within 30 months of replanting. In one orchard, replanting trees with a rootstock genotype different from the previous one can be effective in reducing ARD development, susceptibility to ARD is likely to be genetically controlled, and replanting trees in the previous grass aisle can reduce ARD development. However, the opposite results were obtained in the other orchard, possibly due to the lack of weed management in the grass aisle affecting tree establishment in the grass aisle. Rhizosphere microbiota associated with specific rootstock genotypes reached a stable state within 7 months of replanting. An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi operational taxonomic unit (OTU) had reduced abundance with ARD trees; however many other OTUs associated with ARD cannot be identified to low taxonomic ranks and hence their roles cannot be easily interpreted. In conclusion, replanting trees with rootstocks that are genetically differently from the previous one can reduce ARD development. However, in adopting this strategy, the extent of genetic relationships among rootstock genotypes needs to be considered.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Triggers Major Changes in Primary Metabolism Together With Modification of Defense Responses and Signaling in Both Roots and Leaves of Vitis vinifera

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary-Lorène Goddard ◽  
Lorène Belval ◽  
Isabelle R. Martin ◽  
Lucie Roth ◽  
Hélène Laloue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Root Pathogens

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide but is subjected to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, especially related to climate change. In this context, the grapevine culture could take advantage of symbiosis through association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are able to establish symbiosis with most terrestrial plants. Indeed, it is well established that mycorrhization improves grapevine nutrition and resistance to stresses, especially water stress and resistance to root pathogens. Thus, it appears essential to understand the effect of mycorrhization on grapevine metabolism and defense responses. In this study, we combined a non-targeted metabolomic approach and a targeted transcriptomic study to analyze changes induced in both the roots and leaves of V. vinifera cv. Gewurztraminer by colonization with Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri). We showed that colonization of grapevine with AMF triggers major reprogramming of primary metabolism in the roots, especially sugar and fatty acid metabolism. On the other hand, mycorrhizal roots had decreased contents of most sugars and sugar acids. A significant increase in several fatty acids (C16:1, linoleic and linolenic acids and the C20 arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids) was also detected. However, a downregulation of the JA biosynthesis pathway was evidenced. We also found strong induction of the expression of PR proteins from the proteinase inhibitor (PR6) and subtilase (PR7) families in roots, suggesting that these proteins are involved in the mycorrhiza development but could also confer higher resistance to root pathogens. Metabolic changes induced by mycorrhization were less marked in leaves but involved higher levels of linoleic and linolenic acids and decreased sucrose, quinic, and shikimic acid contents. In addition, Ri colonization resulted in enhanced JA and SA levels in leaves. Overall, this study provides a detailed picture of metabolic changes induced by AMF colonization in a woody, economically important species. Moreover, stimulation of fatty acid biosynthesis and PR protein expression in roots and enhanced defense hormone contents in leaves establish first insight in favor of better resistance of grapevine to various pathogens provided by AMF colonization.

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