scholarly journals Resistance in Winter Wheat Lines to Initial Infection and Spread Within Spikes by Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol Chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Horevaj ◽  
Liane R. Gale ◽  
Eugene A. Milus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Wheat Lines

Head blight of wheat in the United States is caused primarily by the deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing chemotype of Fusarium graminearum. However, the discovery of the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype of F. graminearum in Louisiana and Arkansas necessitates having resistance in wheat to both chemotypes. The objectives of this research were to quantify resistance of selected winter wheat lines to initial infection and pathogen spread within spikes, to determine whether wheat lines selected for resistance to the DON chemotype also have resistance to the NIV chemotype, and to improve the methods for quantifying resistance to initial infection. A susceptible check (Coker 9835) and 15 winter wheat lines, which are adapted to the southeastern United States and possess diverse sources of head blight resistance, were evaluated for head blight resistance in a series of greenhouse and growth-chamber experiments. Significant levels of resistance to both initial infection and spread within a spike were found among the lines, and lines with resistance to isolates of the DON chemotype had even higher levels of resistance to isolates of the NIV chemotype. Quantifying resistance to initial infection was improved by standardizing the inoculum and environmental conditions. Additional information related to resistance to spread within a spike was obtained by calculating the area under the disease progress curve from 7 to 21 days after inoculation.

scholarly journals Trichothecene Genotype of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Soybean (Glycine max) Seedling and Root Diseases in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1012-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Ellis ◽  
G. P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Host Shift ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Third

Fusarium graminearum is an economically important pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight of wheat, barley, and oat, and Gibberella ear and stalk rot of maize. More recently, F. graminearum was reported as a soybean seedling and root pathogen in North America (1,5), causing seed decay, damping-off, and brown to reddish-brown root rot symptoms. Type B trichothecene mycotoxins are commonly produced by F. graminearum, which can be categorized into three trichothecene genotypes; those that produce 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), or nivalenol (NIV). The 15-ADON genotype is dominant in populations from small grains and maize in North America (4), but the 3-ADON genotype has recently been found (4). F. graminearum was known as a pathogen of wheat and maize in North America for over a century before it was reported as a soybean pathogen. Therefore, we hypothesized that recent reports on soybean could be associated with the appearance of the 3-ADON genotype. The objective of this research was to determine the trichothecene genotype of F. graminearum isolates from soybean in the United States. Thirty-eight isolates from soybean were evaluated. Twenty-seven isolates came from a 3-year survey for Fusarium root rot from 2007 to 2009 in Iowa. Other isolates (Ahmad Fakhoury, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale) were collected from soybean seedlings during a multi-state survey in 2012, and included three isolates from Illinois, three from Indiana, and five from Nebraska. Species identification and lineage of F. graminearum were confirmed by sequencing the translation elongation factor gene (EF1-α) using EF-1H and EF-2T primers. A maximum likelihood analysis of the EF1-α, including voucher strains from nine lineages of F. graminearum (2), placed all 38 isolates into lineage 7, F. graminearum sensu stricto (representative GenBank accessions KJ415349 to KJ415352). To determine the trichothecene genotype of each isolate we used three multiplex PCR assays. The first two assays targeted a portion of trichothecene biosynthesis genes Tri3 and Tri12 (4), while the third assay targeted portions of the Tri3, Tri5, and Tri7 genes (3). The PCR for the first two assays was conducted as described by Ward et al. (4) using four sets of primers: 3CON, 3NA, 3D15A, and 3D3A; and 12CON, 12NF, 12-15F, and 12-3F for the Tri3 and Tri12 genes, respectively. The PCR for the third assay was conducted as described by Quarta et al. (3) using the following primers: Tri3F971, Tri3F1325, Tri3R1679, Tri7F340, Tri7R965, 3551H, and 4056H. The amplification products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. All 38 isolates produced amplicons consistent with the 15-ADON genotype; ~610 and 670 bp for the Tri3 and Tri12 genes, respectively (4), and two amplicons of ~708 and 525 bp for the Tri3/Tri5 genes (3). Our results indicated that the dominant trichothecene genotype among isolates of F. graminearum from soybean is 15-ADON, and the introduction of 3-ADON isolates does not explain the recent host shift of F. graminearum to soybean in North America. To our knowledge, this is the first assessment of trichothecene genotypes in F. graminearum populations from soybean from the United States. References: (1) K. E. Broders et al. Plant Dis. 91:1155, 2007. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Fungal Gen. Biol. 41:600, 2004. (3) A. Quarta et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 259:7, 2006. (4) T. D. Ward et al. Fungal Gen. Biol. 45:473, 2008. (5) A. G. Zue et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 29:35, 2007.

β-D-glucan content of wheat kernels after inoculation With Fusarium culmorum Sacc

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-384
Author(s):  
S. Šliková ◽  
M. Havrlentová ◽  
P. Hauptvogel ◽  
Ľ. Mendel ◽  
E. Gregová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight Resistance ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Kernel Infection ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Wheat Landraces ◽  
Wheat Kernels

Winter wheat landraces and modern Slovak cultivars were inoculated with the pathogen Fusarium culmorum Sacc. by spraying in May 2008, in plot experiments under natural conditions in Piešťany, Slovakia. The objective was to examine the responses of the tested genotypes to inoculation with F. culmorum and to determine changes in the β-D-glucan content in the kernels. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) and the β-D-glucan and deoxynivalenol (DON) contents in the grains were determined using Megazyme and Ridascreen® Fast DON assay kits. Wheat landraces had lower AUDPC and FDK, and accumulated 67.4% less DON than modern cultivars. There were highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) between AUDPC and DON content, between FDK and DON, and between AUDPC and FDK. The correlation between β-D-glucan content and AUDPC was also significant (P < 0.05), but not correlations between β-D-glucan and other traits. The β-D-glucan content in the grain of wheat genotypes artificially inoculated with F. culmorum was lower than in grains without infection. The wheat landraces contained more β-D-glucan than modern cultivars and showed higher resistance to F. culmorum. The three wheat landraces had significantly lower spike and kernel infection compared to modern cultivars and could be used to breed elite cultivars with enhanced Fusarium head blight resistance.

scholarly journals Nivalenol-Type Populations of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum Are Prevalent on Wheat in Southern Louisiana

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liane Rosewich Gale ◽  
Stephen A. Harrison ◽  
Todd J. Ward ◽  
Kerry O'Donnell ◽  
Eugene A. Milus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin ◽  
Southern Louisiana

U.S. populations of the Fusarium graminearum clade cause head blight on wheat and barley and usually contaminate grain with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Recently, however, individual nivalenol (NIV)-type isolates from the United States were described that belonged to either the newly described species F. gerlachii or the genetically distinct Gulf Coast population of F. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.). Here, we describe the discovery of NIV-type F. graminearum s.s. populations that were found in high proportion (79%) among isolates from small-grain-growing regions of Louisiana. We genotyped 237 isolates from Louisiana with newly developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism markers and multiplex PCR primers that distinguish among the three trichothecene types: the two DON types (15ADON and 3ADON) and NIV. These isolates were compared with 297 isolates from 11 other U.S. states, predominantly from the Midwest. Using Bayesian-model-based clustering, we discovered a southern Louisiana population of F. graminearum s.s. that was genetically distinct from the previously recognized pathogen population in the Midwest (MW15ADON population). Population membership was correlated with trichothecene type. Most isolates from the southern Louisiana population were of the NIV type, while the majority of the isolates from the Midwest were of the 15ADON type. A smaller proportion of isolates from Louisiana belonged to the previously described Gulf Coast population that was mostly of the 3ADON type. The NIV type was also identified in collections from Arkansas (12%), North Carolina (40%), and Missouri (2%), with the collections from Arkansas and North Carolina being small and unrepresentative. F. asiaticum was detected from the two southern Louisiana parishes Acadia and Alexandria. All identified 41 F. asiaticum isolates were of the NIV type. Greenhouse tests indicated that U.S. NIV types accumulated four times less trichothecene toxin than DON types on inoculated wheat. This is the first report of NIV-type populations of F. graminearum s. s. and F. asiaticum in the United States.

Gene expression analysis of related wheat lines with contrasting levels of head blight resistance after Fusarium graminearum inoculation

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement 6) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Steiner ◽  
Katharina Schieszl ◽  
Ewelina Litwicka ◽  
Harald Kurz ◽  
Marc Lemmens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Lines

Pathogenic specialization in Fusarium graminearum

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
GS Purss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Specialized Form

Isolates of Fusarium graminearum from crown rot of wheat, stalk rot of maize (both in Australia and in the United States), and head blight of wheat are all shown to be capable of causing head blight of wheat to a significant level. Stalk rot of maize is shown to be caused by isolates of F. graminearum from stalk rot of maize, crown rot of wheat, and head blight of wheat. Isolates of F. culmorum from foot rot of wheat and barley are also capable of causing stalk rot of maize. Typical crown rot of wheat is shown to be caused to a significant extent only by the isolates from this disease syndrome. The conclusion is drawn that a specialized form of F. graminearurn is responsible for crown rot in wheat.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and In Planta Mycotoxin Accumulation Among Members of the Fusarium graminearum Species Complex on Wheat and Rice

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubella S. Goswami ◽  
H. Corby Kistler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
The United States ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Species Specific

Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, is a destructive disease of small grains caused by members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex, comprised of at least nine distinct, cryptic species. Members of this complex are known to produce mycotoxins including the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON) along with its acetylated derivatives and nivalenol (NIV). In this study, 31 strains, belonging to eight species of this complex and originating from diverse hosts or substrates, were tested for differences in aggressiveness and mycotoxin production. Large variation among strains, both in terms of their aggressiveness and the ability to produce trichothecenes on a susceptible cultivar of wheat was found; variation appears to be a strain-specific rather than species-specific characteristic. While pathogenicity was not influenced by the type of mycotoxin produced, a significant correlation was observed between the amount of the dominant trichothecene (DON and its acetylated forms or NIV) produced by each strain and its level of aggressiveness on wheat. Some isolates also were tested for their ability to infect rice cv. M201, commonly grown in the United States. While tested strains were capable of infecting rice under greenhouse conditions and causing significant amount of disease, no trichothecenes could be detected from the infected rice florets.

Sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum to Metconazole and Tebuconazole Fungicides Before and After Widespread Use in Wheat in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolan R. Anderson ◽  
Anna N. Freije ◽  
Gary C. Bergstrom ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Christina Cowger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Triazole Fungicides ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum, is a major disease of wheat in the United States. FHB is managed in part by applications of demethylation inhibitor (DMI) triazole fungicides during anthesis. The objective of this study was to examine the sensitivity of U.S. populations of F. graminearum to the DMI triazole fungicides metconazole and tebuconazole. Isolates of F. graminearum collected from wheat between 1981 and 2014 were tested for fungicide sensitivity using mycelial growth assays to determine the effective concentration at which 50% of fungal growth was inhibited (EC50). A total of 45 isolates were tested for metconazole sensitivity and 47 for sensitivity to tebuconazole. Isolates were analyzed in groups based on collection date. Groupings consisted of isolates collected prior to widespread fungicide use in wheat (designated as year 2000) or after fungicides became available for use in wheat. The mean EC50 for isolates collected prior to 2000 was 0.0240 µg/ml for metconazole and 0.1610 µg/ml for tebuconazole. For both fungicides, isolates collected between 2000 and 2014 had significantly higher (P = 0.05) mean EC50 values (mean EC50 = 0.0405 and 0.3311 µg/ml for metconazole and tebuconazole, respectively) compared with isolates collected prior to 2000. Isolate, year, and state of collection all affected the mean EC50 values of isolates collected between 2000 and 2014. A single isolate collected from Illinois in 2012 exhibited EC50 values of 0.1734 µg/ml for metconazole and 1.7339 µg/ml for tebuconazole, indicating reduced sensitivity compared with the mean EC50 of other isolates collected between 2000 and 2014. This study is the first step toward developing a fungicide sensitivity monitoring program for F. graminearum in the United States.

Near-infrared versus visual sorting of Fusarium-damaged kernels in winter wheat

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen N Wegulo ◽  
Floyd E Dowell
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Key Words Wheat

Fusarium head blight (scab) of wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum, often results in shriveled and/or discolored kernels, which are referred to as Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK). FDK is a major grain grading factor and therefore is routinely determined for purposes of quality assurance. Measurement of FDK is usually done visually. Visual sorting can be laborious and is subject to inconsistencies resulting from variability in intra-rater repeatability and/or inter-rater reliability. The ability of a single-kernel near-infrared (SKNIR) system to detect FDK was evaluated by comparing FDK sorted by the system to FDK sorted visually. Visual sorting was strongly correlated with sorting by the SKNIR system (0.89 ≤ r ≤ 0.91); however, the SKNIR system had a wider range of FDK detection and was more consistent. Compared with the SKNIR system, visual raters overestimated FDK in samples with a low percentage of Fusarium-damaged grain and underestimated FDK in samples with a high percentage of Fusarium-damaged grain. Key words: Wheat, Fusarium head blight, Fusarium-damaged kernels, single-kernel near-infrared

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