scholarly journals Sensitivity of Colletotrichum Species, Including C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae, from Peach to Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (12) ◽  
pp. 2434-2441 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Chen ◽  
C. X. Luo ◽  
M. J. Hu ◽  
G. Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum Species Complex ◽  
Demethylation Inhibitor

Few fungicides are effective against anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., and emerging resistance makes the search for chemical alternatives more relevant. Isolates of the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex were collected from South Carolina and Georgia peach orchards and phylogenetic analysis of the combined internal transcribed spacer region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and β-tubulin gene sequences separated the isolates into C. nymphaeae and C. fioriniae. The sensitivity of these and three other previously reported Colletotrichum spp. from peach, including C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. truncatum, to demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides difenoconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, flutriafol, and fenbuconazole was determined based upon mycelial growth inhibition. C. truncatum was resistant to tebuconazole, metconazole, flutriafol, and fenbuconazole and C. nymphaeae was resistant to flutriafol and fenbuconazole based on 50% effective concentration (EC50) values >100 μg/ml. C. fructicola and C. siamense were sensitive to all DMI fungicides (EC50 values of 0.2 to 13.1 μg/ml). C. fioriniae subgroup 2 isolates were less sensitive to DMI fungicides (EC50 values of 0.5 to 16.2 μg/ml) compared with C. fioriniae subgroup 1 (EC50 values of 0.03 to 2.1 μg/ml). Difenoconazole and propiconazole provided the best control efficacy in vitro to all five species, with EC50 values of 0.2 to 2.7 μg/ml. Tebuconazole and metconazole were effective against all Colletotrichum spp., except for C. truncatum. The strong in vitro activity of some DMI fungicides against Colletotrichum spp. may be exploited for improved anthracnose disease management of peach.

scholarly journals The Use of Essential Oils from Thyme, Sage and Peppermint against Colletotrichum acutatum

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Armina Morkeliūnė ◽  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Lina Šernaitė ◽  
Alma Valiuškaitė
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Biological Protection

The Colletotrichum spp. is a significant strawberry pathogen causing yield losses of up to 50%. The most common method to control plant diseases is through the use of chemical fungicides. The findings of plants antimicrobial activities, low toxicity, and biodegradability of essential oils (EO), make them suitable for biological protection against fungal pathogens. The aim is to evaluate the inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum by thyme, sage, and peppermint EO in vitro on detached strawberry leaves and determine EO chemical composition. Our results revealed that the dominant compound of thyme was thymol 41.35%, peppermint: menthone 44.56%, sage: α,β-thujone 34.45%, and camphor: 20.46%. Thyme EO inhibited C. acutatum completely above 200 μL L−1 concentration in vitro. Peppermint and sage EO reduced mycelial growth of C. acutatum. In addition, in vitro, results are promising for biological control. The detached strawberry leaves experiments showed that disease reduction 4 days after inoculation was 15.8% at 1000 μL L−1 of peppermint EO and 5.3% at 800 μL L−1 of thyme compared with control. Our findings could potentially help to manage C. acutatum; however, the detached strawberry leaves assay showed that EO efficacy was relatively low on tested concentrations and should be increased.

Identifying and Characterizing Summer Diseases on ‘Babygold’ Peach in South Carolina

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Schnabel ◽  
Wenxuan Chai ◽  
Kerik D. Cox
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Rot Disease

Summer diseases can cause significant yield losses in processing peach varieties, such as the ‘Babygold’ lines. In this study we identified and characterized the pathogens responsible for disease outbreaks in two orchards (PH and JC) located in the northern ‘Piedmont’ area of South Carolina. Three pathogens, Geotrichum candidum, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Botryosphaeria dothidea, the causal agents of sour rot, anthracnose, and Botryosphaeria fruit rot disease respectively, were identified on fruit from orchard PH using symptomology, culture and spore morphology, and ribosomal DNA analysis. G. candidum and C. acutatum were also isolated from symptomatic fruit from orchard JC. The QoI fungicide azoxystrobin and a mixture of pyraclostrobin and boscalid were evaluated for their in vitro efficacy against five isolates of each of the three pathogens to investigate their possible usefulness in designing management strategies. Azoxystrobin inhibited mycelial growth of C. acutatum isolates (EC50 values of 0.01 to 0.55 mg/liter) but was ineffective against mycelium of G. candidum and B. dothidea isolates (EC50 values >300 mg/liter). The pyraclostrobin-boscalid mixture was highly effective against mycelium of C. acutatum (EC50 values of 0.01 to 0.05 mg/liter) and B. dothidea isolates (EC50 values of 0.02 to 0.03 mg/liter), but only marginally effective against mycelium of G. candidum (EC50 values 15.79 to 39.03 mg/liter). This study provides a diagnostic guide of pathogens that can cause summer diseases on ‘Babygold’ peaches and reports their in vitro sensitivity to registered respiration inhibitor fungicides. Accepted for publication 23 December 2005. Published 1 March 2006.

scholarly journals Sensitivity ofRhizoctonia solanito Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor and Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olutoyosi O. Ajayi-Oyetunde ◽  
Carolyn J. Butts-Wilmsmeyer ◽  
Carl A. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor ◽  
Collection Date ◽  
Demethylation Inhibitor

Soybean seedling diseases are caused by Rhizoctonia solani and can be managed with seed-applied fungicides that belong to different chemistry classes. To provide a benchmark for assessing a decline in sensitivities to these fungicide classes, R. solani isolates collected prior to 2001 were evaluated for their sensitivities to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) (penflufen and sedaxane) and demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides (ipconazole and prothioconazole). The effective concentration of each fungicide that reduced mycelial growth by 50% (EC50) was determined in vitro and compared with those of isolates recovered after 2011 from soybean plants with damping off and hypocotyl and root rot symptoms across different soybean-growing regions in the United States and Canada. All isolates, regardless of collection date, were extremely sensitive (EC50< 1 μg/ml) to the SDHI fungicides but were either extremely sensitive or moderately sensitive (1 ≤ EC50≤ 10 μg/ml) to the DMI fungicides. For all four active ingredients, variation in sensitivities was observed within and among the different anastomosis groups composing both isolate groups. Isolates collected after 2011, which also had varying in vitro sensitivities, were further evaluated for in vivo sensitivity to the four fungicides in the greenhouse. In vitro fungicide sensitivity did not always coincide with fungicide efficacy in vivo because all isolates tested, regardless of in vitro sensitivity, were effectively controlled by the application of the seed treatment fungicides in the greenhouse. Overall, our results indicate no shift in sensitivity to the fungicide classes evaluated, although considerable variability in the sensitivities of the two groups of isolates examined was present. Based on this research, continued monitoring of fungicide sensitivities of R. solani populations should occur to determine whether sensitivities become further reduced in the future.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Copper Nanoparticles for the Control of Leaf Spot and Anthracnose Diseases of Olive

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1667
Author(s):  
Panagiota Ntasiou ◽  
Alexandra Kaldeli Kerou ◽  
Theodora Karamanidou ◽  
Afrodite Vlachou ◽  
George T. Tziros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Type 3

Olive crop is frequently treated with copper fungicides to combat foliar and fruit diseases such as olive leaf spot caused by Fusicladium oleagineum and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. The replacement of copper-based products with more eco-friendly alternatives is a priority. Metal nanoparticles synthesized in several ways have recently revolutionized crop protection with applications against important crop pathogens. In this study, we present the development of four copper-based nanoparticles (CuNP Type 1 to 4) synthesized with a wet chemistry approach. The CuNPs were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Laser Doppler Electrophoresis, and Attenuated Total Reflection measurements. In addition, the activity of the four CuNP types was tested in vitro and in planta against F. oleagineum and Colletotrichum spp. In vitro sensitivity measurements showed that for both pathogens, mycelial growth was the most susceptible developmental stage to the tested compounds. Against both pathogens, CuNP Type 1 and Type 2 were found to be more active in reducing mycelial growth compared to the reference commercial compounds of copper oxide and copper hydroxide. In planta experiments showed that CuNP Type 3 and CuNP Type 4 exhibited a strong protectant activity against both F. oleagineum and Colletotrichum acutatum with control efficacy values significantly higher than those achieved by the applications of either reference product.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Plant-based Pesticide containing Neem Extract (Azadirachta sp.) to Control Anthracnose Growth in Chili Fruits

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Yashanti Berlinda Paradisa ◽  
Wahyuni ◽  
Enung Sri Mulyaningsih ◽  
Ambar Yuswi Perdani ◽  
Arief Heru Prianto
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp

Cabai merupakan salah satu produk hortikultura yang banyak dikonsumsi di Indonesia. Antraknosa merupakan salah satu penyakit utama dalam budi daya cabai. Kehilangan hasil akibat antraknosa mencapai 35%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efektivitas pestisida nabati dengan bahan utama ekstrak mimba dalam mengendalikan antraknosa pada cabai. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi, LIPI. Pengujian in vitro dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial yang diulang 4 kali dengan faktor pertama ialah cendawan Colletotrichum acutatum dan Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; faktor kedua ialah pestisida nabati dengan bahan aktif mimba (Agr I dan Agr II); serta faktor ketiga berupa 6 taraf perlakuan konsentrasi pestisida (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%. 3%, 4%, dan 5%). Pada pengujian in vivo dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial dengan 4 ulangan. Faktor pertama ialah cabai besar dan cabai keriting; faktor kedua ialah C. acutatum dan C. gloeosporioides; dan faktor ketiga ialah 4 taraf konsentrasi pestisida Agr I (0%, 5%, 10, dan 15%). Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diketahui bahwa pestisida nabati Agr I dan Agr II dapat menghambat pertumbuhan cendawan secara in vitro dan Agr I lebih potensial untuk mengendalikan Colletotrichum spp. Namun pestisida nabati Agr I tidak mampu mengendalikan patogen yang telah berada di dalam jaringan tanaman.

scholarly journals In vitro sensitivity reduction of Fusarium graminearum to DMI and QoI fungicides

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aveline Avozani ◽  
Erlei Melo Reis ◽  
Rosane Baldiga Tonin
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Qoi Fungicides ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Demethylation Inhibitor

In Brazil, Fusarium head blight (FHB) affecting wheat can cause up to 39.8% damage. Resistant cultivars are not available yet; thus, short-term disease control relies on the use of fungicides. The first step to improve control is to monitor fungal populations that are sensitivity to chemicals in order to achieve efficient FHB management. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory concentration (IC50) of fungicides for both mycelial growth and conidial germination of ten Fusarium graminearum isolates. The following demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides were tested: metconazole, prothioconazole and tebuconazole. In addition, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin were included, representing QoI fungicides, as well as three co-formulations containing metconazole + pyraclostrobin, prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin. For mycelial growth, the overall mean IC50 of isolates was: metconazole 0.07, prothioconazole 0.1, and tebuconazole 0.19 mg/L. For the co-formulations, it was: prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin 0.08, tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin 0.12, and metconazole + pyraclostrobin 0.14 mg/L. Regarding spore germination inhibition, IC50 for prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin was 0.06, for tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin, 0.12 mg/L, for QoI alone pyraclostrobin, was 0.09, and for trifloxystrobin, 0.28 mg/L. There was a sensitivity shift among isolates and the highest fungitoxicity to F. graminearum was confirmed for prothioconazole, metconazole and tebuconazole .

scholarly journals Development of High-Throughput SNP Genotyping Assays for Rapid Detection of Strawberry Colletotrichum Species and the G143A Mutation

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (12) ◽  
pp. 1501-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna B. Forcelini ◽  
Seonghee Lee ◽  
Michelle S. Oliveira ◽  
Natalia A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Snp Genotyping ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Cytb Gene ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Quinone Outside Inhibitor ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp

Colletotrichum spp. cause major diseases of strawberry and disease management depends on the species present. However, species identification based on symptoms and spore morphology is difficult. Therefore, development of molecular techniques for trustworthy and high-throughput identification of Colletotrichum spp. is vital for the accurate diagnosis. A high-resolution melting (HRM) assay was developed for simultaneous identification and differentiation of Colletotrichum spp. from fungal colonies or from symptomatic strawberry tissue. HRM markers were designed based on the internal transcribed spacer region of Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides from strawberry, and accurately identified and differentiated the two species. In addition, for the rapid detection of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the cytochrome b (cytb) gene of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides associated with resistance to quinone-outside inhibitor fungicides, an endpoint SNP genotyping analysis was developed. The HRM and endpoint SNP genotyping assays are useful methods that can be implemented in plant diagnostic clinics for the rapid and accurate identification of Colletotrichum spp. and detection of the G143A mutation in the cytb gene of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides.

scholarly journals Evaluación in vitro de fungicidas comerciales para el control de Colletotrichum spp., en mora de castilla

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Gaviria-Hernández ◽  
Luis Fernando Patiño-Hoyos ◽  
Alegría Saldarriaga-Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp

Se evaluó la eficiencia in vitro de cinco fungicidas de síntesis química, tres extractos vegetales y tres productos a base de biocontroladores, mediante las variables porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial y porcentaje de inhibición de la biomasa de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides cepa 52 y Colletotrichum acutatum cepa 168. En el grupo de los productos de síntesis química, los mejores resultados en la inhibición del crecimiento micelial en ambas cepas, se obtuvo con hidróxido de cobre y difenoconazol, con 100% de inhibición. En cuanto a inhibición de la biomasa, los productos con mayor porcentaje de efecto inhibitorio en C. gloeosporioides fueron: difenoconazol (100%) y benomil (93% a 99%); en C. acutatum fueron: difenoconazol (100%) y azoxystrobin (91% a 97%). Respecto a los extractos vegetales, el extracto a base de Citrus sinensis y C. grandis presentó 100% de inhibición tanto del crecimiento micelial como de la biomasa, siendo el más efectivo en el control de ambas cepas del hongo. En el grupo de los biocontroladores, el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial de los productos a base de Trichoderma lignorum y T. harzianum osciló entre 61% y 65% para C. gloeosporioides, y entre 77% y 79% para C. acutatum, considerados dentro del grupo de los biocontroladores como los más eficientes en el control in vitro de las cepas 52 y 168 de Colletotrichum spp.

scholarly journals Characterization and Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Strawberry Anthracnose in Eastern China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1960-1968
Author(s):  
Liqing Zhang ◽  
Lili Song ◽  
Xiangming Xu ◽  
Xiaohua Zou ◽  
Ke Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides Species Complex

Strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is one of the most serious diseases in the strawberry fields of China. In total, 196 isolates of Colletotrichum were obtained from leaves, stolons, and crowns of strawberry plants with anthracnose symptoms in eastern China and were characterized based on morphology, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and β-tubulin (TUB2) gene sequences. All 196 isolates were identified as the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. In total, 62 strains were further identified at the species level by phylogenetic analyses of multilocus sequences of ITS, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), Apn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer and partial mating type (ApMat), calmodulin (CAL), and TUB2. Three species from the C. gloeosporioides species complex were identified: Colletotrichum siamense, C. fructicola, and C. aenigma. Isolates of C. siamense were tolerant to high temperatures, with a significantly larger colony diameter than the other two species when grown above 36°C. The inoculation of strawberry plants confirmed the pathogenicity of all three species. C. siamense isolates resulted in the highest disease severity. The in vitro sensitivities of C. siamense and C. fructicola isolates to azoxystrobin and three demethylation-inhibitor (DMI) fungicides (difenoconazole, tebuconazole, and prochloraz) were determined. Both species were sensitive to DMI fungicides but not to azoxystrobin. C. siamense isolates were more sensitive to prochloraz, while C. fructicola isolates were more sensitive to difenoconazole and tebuconazole. The present study provides valuable information for the effective management of strawberry anthracnose.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Sirih dan Metode Ekstraksinya Dalam Menghambat Penyakit Antraknosa pada Cabai Pascapanen

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 213-227
Author(s):  
Desi Trisnawati ◽  
Lilik Pujantoro Eko Nugroho ◽  
Efi Toding Tondok
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Botanical Pesticides ◽  
Anthracnose Disease ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Fungus Growth

Extract of Piper betle as An Inhibitor of Anthracnose Postharvest Disease on Chili Pepper Chili is a horticultural commodity that mostly needed by consumers in the fresh condition. However, there is an interval of time needed to deliver it from producers (farmers) to consumers. During the supply chain, deterioration of the quality of chilli fruit can occur by the presence of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. The use of syntetic fungicides to control anthracnose disease is not recommended because it will leave residues that are harmful to consumers. The alternative that can be done is to use botanical pesticides as fungicides. The aim of this research is to study the potential of Piper betle leaves extract (PLE) in inhibiting the development of the antracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on the chili during storage. The sequences of this research were strarted with production of PLE by boiling method which was preceded by blanching, chopping, and without treatment of betel leaves, then bioassay of betel extract by measuring the diameter of fungus growth on PDA+ PLE. The third test was application of PLE on fresh chili fruits by spraying and soaking, continued by observed the antracnoseinsidence on chili during storage time (21 days). The results showed that the chopping method was the best betel leaf extraction method among other treatments, the use of 10% PLE concentration was the most effective concentration in inhibiting the growth of C. acutatum in vitro, spraying treatment using 10% EDS was the most effective in inhibited the insidence of anthracnose disease. 

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