Effect of planting into a green winter cereal rye cover crop on growth and development, seedling disease and yield of corn

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotsna Acharya ◽  
Thomas B Moorman ◽  
Thomas C Kaspar ◽  
Andrew W. Lenssen ◽  
Stefan NA Gailans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Seedling Root

Terminating winter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crops (CCs) 10 or more days before planting corn is recommended to minimize seedling disease and potential yield loss. In Iowa, cold temperatures and frequent precipitation can prevent farmers from following that recommendation and sometimes forcing them to plant corn while the rye plants are still green, referred to as planting green (PG). A field trial was established to evaluate the effect of rye termination shortly before or after corn planting on growth, seedling root disease, and yield of corn. A rye CC was terminated 17 and 3 days before planting (DBP), and 6 and 12 days after planting (DAP) corn; corn planted following no rye was included as a control. Rye biomass, C:N ratio, and N accumulation increased when terminated 6 or 12 DAP corn compared with rye terminated 17 or 3 DBP corn. Corn seedlings were taller from the PG treatments. More radicle root rot was observed when rye was terminated 3 DBP, 6 DAP, and 12 DAP corn than for the 17 DBP treatment and the no-rye control. Generally, greater Pythium Clade B populations were detected on radicles and seminal roots of corn from the PG treatments. Corn populations, ears, or barren plants were not affected by the treatments. In both years, the no-rye control had the greatest corn yield and the 12 DAP treatment had the lowest yield. Our results suggest that PG increased corn seedling root disease and contributed to reduced corn yield.

scholarly journals Cover Crop Rotation Effects on Growth and Development, Seedling Disease, and Yield of Corn and Soybean

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotsna Acharya ◽  
Thomas B. Moorman ◽  
Thomas C. Kaspar ◽  
Andrew W. Lenssen ◽  
Alison E. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Roots

The effects of winter cover crops on root disease and growth of corn and soybeans are poorly understood. A 3-year field experiment investigated the effect of winter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and winter camelina (Camelina sativa [L.] Crantz), used either in all three years or in rotation with each other, on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max. [L.] Merr.) growth, root disease, and yield. Corn following a cover crop of camelina had reduced root disease, a lower Pythium population in seedling roots, and greater growth and yields compared with corn following a rye cover crop. Camelina and rye cover crops before soybean had either a positive or no effect on soybean growth and development, root disease, and yield. Moreover, Pythium clade B populations were greater in corn seedlings after a rye cover crop compared with those following a camelina cover crop, whereas clade F populations were greater on soybean seedlings following a camelina cover crop compared with seedlings following a rye cover crop. A winter camelina cover crop grown before corn had less-negative effects on corn seedling growth, root disease, and final yield than a winter rye cover crop before corn. Neither cover crop had negative effects on soybean, and the cover crop in the preceding spring had no measurable effects on either corn or soybean.

scholarly journals The Potential for Cereal Rye Cover Crops to Host Corn Seedling Pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Bakker ◽  
Jyotsna Acharya ◽  
Thomas B. Moorman ◽  
Alison E. Robertson ◽  
Thomas C. Kaspar
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
Corn Seedling

Cover cropping is a prevalent conservation practice that offers substantial benefits to soil and water quality. However, winter cereal cover crops preceding corn may diminish beneficial rotation effects because two grass species are grown in succession. Here, we show that rye cover crops host pathogens capable of causing corn seedling disease. We isolated Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum, Pythium sylvaticum, and P. torulosum from roots of rye and demonstrate their pathogenicity on corn seedlings. Over 2 years, we quantified the densities of these organisms in rye roots from several field experiments and at various intervals of time after rye cover crops were terminated. Pathogen load in rye roots differed among fields and among years for particular fields. Each of the four pathogen species increased in density over time on roots of herbicide-terminated rye in at least one field site, suggesting the broad potential for rye cover crops to elevate corn seedling pathogen densities. The radicles of corn seedlings planted following a rye cover crop had higher pathogen densities compared with seedlings following a winter fallow. Management practices that limit seedling disease may be required to allow corn yields to respond positively to improvements in soil quality brought about by cover cropping.

Effects of cover crop presence, cover crop species selection and fungicide seed treatment on corn seedling growth

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara A. Schenck ◽  
Matthew G. Bakker ◽  
Thomas B. Moorman ◽  
Thomas C. Kaspar
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Seedling Root ◽  
Corn Seedling ◽  
Negative Impacts

AbstractCover crops can offer erosion protection as well as soil and environmental quality benefits. Cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) is the most commonly used winter cover crop in corn–soybean rotations in the upper Midwest of the USA because of its superior winter hardiness and growth at cool temperatures. Cereal rye cover crops, however, can occasionally have negative impacts on the yield of a following corn crop, which discourages broader adoption and introduces substantial risk for corn farmers employing cover crops. We hypothesized that because cereal rye shares some pathogens with corn, it may be causing increased disease in corn seedlings planted soon after cereal rye termination. To test this, we performed a series of experiments in a controlled environment chamber to assess the response of corn seedlings with and without a commercial fungicide seed treatment to the presence of cereal rye or other species of cover crops that were terminated with herbicide prior to corn planting. Our results indicate that under cool and wet conditions, cereal rye reduces corn seedling growth performance and increases incidence of corn seedling root disease. Fungicide seed treatment had limited efficacy in preventing these effects, perhaps because environmental conditions were set to be very conducive for disease development. However, hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth) and winter canola (Brassica napusL.) cover crops had fewer negative impacts on corn seedlings compared with cereal rye. Thus, to expand the practice of cover cropping before corn, it should become a research priority to develop alternative management practices to reduce the risk of corn seedling root infection following cereal rye cover crops. Over the longer term, testing, selection and breeding efforts should identify potential cover crop species or genotypes that are able to match the winter hardiness, growth at cool temperatures and the conservation and environmental quality benefits of cereal rye, while avoiding the potential for negative impacts on corn seedlings when environmental conditions are suitable for disease development.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Economic Effects of Cover Crop Use on Farm Net Returns per Acre in Central Indiana

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5104
Author(s):  
Megan N. Hughes ◽  
Michael R. Langemeier
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Stochastic Modelling ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
The Impact

Utilizing cover crop treatments can have significant agronomic benefits for a farm enterprise. However, implementing this technology introduces additional costs. Data were obtained from a Central Indiana case farm to evaluate the relationship between applied nitrogen and corn yield, and how this relationship is impacted by introducing three different species of cover crops: annual ryegrass, cereal rye, and an oats and radish blend. The resulting information was then translated into a partial budget so that the effects on net returns could be analyzed using historical prices and stochastic modelling. The results showed that the impact on net returns per acre varied among cover crop species. The implementation of annual ryegrass resulted in a negative change to net returns. Conversely, implementing cereal rye or an oats and radish blend resulted in a positive change to net returns, with the largest net benefits accruing to the oats and radish blend.

Effect of cereal rye and canola on winter and summer annual weed emergence in corn

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-793
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. DeSimini ◽  
Kevin D. Gibson ◽  
Shalamar D. Armstrong ◽  
Marcelo Zimmer ◽  
Lucas O.R. Maia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grain Yield

AbstractField experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 at two locations in Indiana to evaluate the influence of cover crop species, termination timing, and herbicide treatment on winter and summer annual weed suppression and corn yield. Cereal rye and canola cover crops were terminated early or late (2 wk before or after corn planting) with a glyphosate- or glufosinate-based herbicide program. Canola and cereal rye reduced total weed biomass collected at termination by up to 74% and 91%, in comparison to fallow, respectively. Canola reduced horseweed density by up to 56% at termination and 57% at POST application compared to fallow. Cereal rye reduced horseweed density by up to 59% at termination and 87% at POST application compared to fallow. Canola did not reduce giant ragweed density at termination in comparison to fallow. Cereal rye reduced giant ragweed density by up to 66% at termination and 62% at POST application. Termination timing had little to no effect on weed biomass and density reduction in comparison to the effect of cover crop species. Cereal rye reduced corn grain yield at both locations in comparison to fallow, especially for the late-termination timing. Corn grain yield reduction up to 49% (4,770 kg ha–1) was recorded for cereal rye terminated late in comparison to fallow terminated late. Canola did not reduce corn grain yield in comparison to fallow within termination timing; however, late-terminated canola reduced corn grain yield by up to 21% (2,980 kg ha–1) in comparison to early-terminated fallow. Cereal rye can suppress giant ragweed emergence, whereas canola is not as effective at suppressing large-seeded broadleaves such as giant ragweed. These results also indicate that early-terminated cover crops can often result in higher corn grain yields than late-terminated cover crops in an integrated weed management program.

Role of cover crops and nicosulfuron dosage on weed control and productivity in corn crop

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 664-672
Author(s):  
Omid R. Zandvakili ◽  
Masoud Hashemi ◽  
Mohammad R. Chaichi ◽  
Allen V. Barker ◽  
Reza Keshavarz Afshar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Fallow Period ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Corn Crop ◽  
The University

AbstractA field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the University of Tehran to evaluate the effect of cover crops and herbicide (nicosulfuron) dosage on corn (Zea mays L.) productivity. Cover crops suppressed weed biomass and density during the fallow period; however, there was no significant effect on weed biomass or weed density in the subsequent corn crop. A mixture of cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) was the most weed-suppressive cover in the fallow period. Nicosulfuron applied at different amounts suppressed weed biomass and density in corn when compared with weedy plots. Application of 40 g ai ha−1 of nicosulfuron was as effective on weed control as the recommended application. Cover crops did not affect corn growth; however, corn yield improved with herbicide application.

Effects of fall-planted cereal cover-crop termination time on glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis) suppression

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
John A. Schramski ◽  
Christy L. Sprague ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Early Termination ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Termination Time

Abstract Integrated strategies for management of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed are needed to reduce reliance on herbicides. Planting a cover crop after corn or soybean harvest in the Upper Midwest may reduce horseweed establishment and growth. Experiments were conducted in Michigan to determine if cereal rye and winter wheat, seeded at 67 or 135 kg ha−1, and terminated with glyphosate at 1.27 kg ae ha−1 1 wk before planting (early termination) or 1 wk after soybean planting (planting green) would suppress establishment and growth of GR horseweed. Cover-crop biomass was 212% to 272% higher when termination was delayed by planting green compared with early termination. At the time of termination, cover crops reduced GR horseweed biomass 41% to 89% compared with no cover. Planting green increased the C:N ratio of cover-crop residue, which improved residue persistence and GR horseweed suppression at the time of POST herbicide application, approximately 5 wk after planting. Planting green reduced GR horseweed biomass 46% to 93% compared with no cover at the time of POST herbicide application; early termination provided less consistent suppression. Cover crops alone did not suppress GR horseweed through soybean harvest. Soybean yield was 30% to 108% greater when planting green compared with early termination at 2 site-years. Cereal rye and winter wheat, seeded at 67 or 135 kg ha−1, provided early-season GR horseweed suppression. Results from this research indicate that the practice of planting green may improve GR horseweed suppression through the time of POST herbicide application.

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