First Report of Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in Georgia

Bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae was first described in Japan and Korea and is currently an emerging disease that causes major losses in China, Italy, New Zealand, France, Portugal, and Chile. Gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis), especially cvs. Jin Tao and Hort 16A, seem to be more susceptible than green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cvs. Hayward and Summer. The bacterium affects male and female woody vines equally, with young vines being more susceptible. The most characteristic symptoms that appear in early spring are reddish orange or white exudates associated with cankers and wounds in branches and/or trunk, as well as brown leaf spots. Buds and fruits were also affected (1). In Spain, 1,132 ha of kiwifruit orchards yielded 25,285 t of fruit in 2009 (2). Most Spanish kiwifruit is cultivated in Galicia (northwest Spain), where the main cultivar is Hayward. In 2010, the first plantation of cv. Jin Tao and one plantation of cv. Summer were established in this area close to Hayward woody vine. In early spring 2011, 80% of the vines in one orchard had twigs with reddish exudates and branches and trunks as well as leaves with angular spots surrounded by yellow haloes. Isolations from both Actinidia spp. were conducted on nutrient agar with sucrose. One hundred and twelve isolates were obtained and seventy-seven were aerobic, gram negative and nonfluorescent on King's B medium. Biochemical tests performed were levan, oxidase, potato rot, arginine didhydrolase, hypersensitivity in tobacco, and utilization of 49 carbohydrates by the API 50 CH system (BioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Three PCR protocols were used: two with pathovar-specific primers (PSAF1/PSAR2 and PSAF3/PSAR4) and one with nonspecific primers (PsITSF1/PsITSR2) (3). The results of all biochemical and molecular tests were in agreement with those expected for P. syringae pv. actinidiae. The 16S-23S region of strain EFA 37 isolated from A. deliciosa cv. Summer was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JF815537) and had 100% sequence identity with P. syringae pv. actinidiae (GenBank Accession Nos. AY342165 and D86357). Pathogenicity tests were performed on 15 plants of A. deliciosa cv. Hayward (five plants per isolate) with the Spanish representative strain EFA 37 and compared with two reference strains isolated from both Actinidia species in Italy and five plants of an untreated control. Three buds per healthy vine were wounded with a sterile needle, inoculated with 30 to 50 μl of each bacterial suspension (108 CFU/ml), sealed, and then covered with plastic. Five leaves per healthy vine were also pierced with a sterile needle and then atomized with the same suspension. Symptoms began to appear after 5 days on inoculated vines, but not on untreated control vines. The bacterium, P. syringae pv. actinidiae, was reisolated from symptomatic plants. The kiwifruit orchard with affected plants was eradicated (25 ha). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. syringae pv. actinidiae in Spain. References: (1) EPPO Alert List. Online publication. Retrieved from http://www.eppo.org/QUARATINE/Alert_List , June, 2011. (2) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino (MARM). Anuario de Estadística, Online Publication. Retrieved from http://www.marm.es/estadistica/pags/anuario/2010 , June 2011. (3) J. Rees-George et al. Plant Pathol. 59:453, 2010.

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Detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae in kiwifruit pollen samples

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5949 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 64 ◽

pp. 246-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J.L. Vanneste ◽

D. Giovanardi ◽

J. Yu ◽

D.A. Cornish ◽

C. Kay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

New Zealand ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

Bacterial Isolation ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Male And Female ◽

First Report ◽

Vacuum Device ◽

Polymerase Chain

Presence of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa) the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit in pollen samples collected from infected and non infected orchards in Italy and in New Zealand was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by direct bacterial isolation Psa was isolated only from pollen samples collected in Italy including pollen collected from two uninfected orchards which the following year showed signs of infection Psa was also detected in pollen collected from male and female vines in an Italian infected orchard Pollen samples from Italy but not from New Zealand were collected with a vacuum device Psa could not be isolated from any of the 25 New Zealand pollen samples analysed This is the first report of Psa being associated with pollen There is currently no evidence that artificial pollination leads to increased infection or that pollen has been responsible for the introduction of Psa in a previously Psafree area

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First Report of Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in Fujian Province, China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-18-0618-pdn ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 143-143

Author(s):

Y. Dai ◽

Y. Chen ◽

L. Gan ◽

C. Lan ◽

M. Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

Fujian Province ◽

First Report

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First Report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the Causal Agent of Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit in France

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-11-0195 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (10) ◽

pp. 1311-1311 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

J. L. Vanneste ◽

F. Poliakoff ◽

C. Audusseau ◽

D. A. Cornish ◽

S. Paillard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Housekeeping Gene ◽

Hypersensitive Reaction ◽

Ice Nucleation ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

First Report ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Commercial Species ◽

Total Dna ◽

Dna Fragment

In June 2010, young plants of kiwifruit growing in the French regions of Rhone-Alpes (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Summer’) and Aquitaine (A. chinensis ‘Jintao’) showed small, angular, necrotic leaf spots and cankers on some canes that was sometimes associated with production of a red exudate. Most of the affected canes died, and in a few cases after a few months, the entire plant died. Symptoms were consistent with Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, a bacterium that affects several species of Actinidia (A. deliciosa and A. chinensis, the two most important commercial species of kiwifruit). A recent outbreak of this disease is devastating the Italian kiwifruit industry. Bacterial colonies were isolated on King's medium B (KB) from leaf spots and infected canes. Three isolates from Aquitaine and 10 from Rhone-Alpes were retained for further characterization. The 13 isolates were gram negative, induced a hypersensitive reaction when infiltrated in tobacco plants, did not have a cytochrome c oxidase, an arginine dehydrolase or urease activity, did not hydrolyze esculin, starch, or gelatine, and did not induce ice nucleation. When plated on KB, these strains did not show strong fluorescence usually associated with strains of P. syringae. Complete lack of fluorescence reported for the pathotype strain ICMP 9817 has not been observed for those strains. They showed the same weak fluorescence as the strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae recently isolated from Italy. Those characteristics match those of strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae (3). Using total DNA of the 13 strains, the pathotype strain, and primers PsaF1/R2 (2), a 280-bp fragment was amplified by PCR, supporting the strains as being P. syringae pv. actinidiae. The amplicon from 6 of the 13 strains was sequenced and found to be 100% similar to the corresponding DNA fragment of the pathotype strain ICMP 9617 (GenBank AY342165). Partial sequences of 1,381 bp of the 16S rDNA gene of four of the six isolates, three strains isolated from Rhone-Alpes and one strain isolated from Aquitaine, were obtained by amplification with primers 27f and 1492r (1). Except for the sequence of strain 181, which was isolated from Aquitaine and had a 1 bp difference (GenBank JF323026), the other sequences were 100% identical to each other (GenBank JF323027 to JF323029). These four sequences were 99% identical to the 16SrDNA sequences of ICMP 9617, the pathotype strain of P. syringae pv. actinidiae (GenBank AB001431). These four strains and the pathotype strain were sprayed (1 × 109 CFU/ml) on leaves of four 6- to 8-week-old seedlings of A. chinensis each. After 4 days, small, necrotic, angular spots were found on all plants inoculated with those four strains and the pathotype strain. No symptoms were found on plants treated with water only. From those leaf spots, bacteria that had all the characteristics of P. syringae pv. actinidiae (as previously described) were isolated. Recently, two different haplotypes for the housekeeping gene cts were described for P. syringae pv. actinidiae (4), the strains isolated from France belong to the haplotype I. This is the same haplotype to which strains isolated from the recent Italian outbreak also belong. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial canker of kiwifruit in France. References: (1) V. Gurtler and V. A. Stanisich. Microbiology 142:3 1996. (2) J. Rees-George et al. Plant Pathol. 59:453, 2010. (3) Y. Takikawa et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 55:437, 1989. (4) J. L. Vanneste et al. N.Z. Plant Prot. 63:7, 2010.

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First report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causing kiwifruit bacterial canker in New Zealand

Australasian Plant Disease Notes ◽

10.1007/s13314-011-0023-9 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 67-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Kerry R. Everett ◽

Robert K. Taylor ◽

Megan K. Romberg ◽

Jonathan Rees-George ◽

Robert A. Fullerton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

First Report

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First Report of Pseudomonas Grapevine Bunch Rot Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-18-1992-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (8) ◽

pp. 1954-1960 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Gerin ◽

C. Cariddi ◽

R.M. de Miccolis Angelini ◽

C. Rotolo ◽

C. Dongiovanni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Late Summer ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

First Report ◽

16S Ribosomal Dna ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

The Common ◽

Bunch Rot

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, a Gammaproteobacterium belonging to genomospecies 2 within the P. syringae complex, is distributed worldwide, and it is responsible for bacterial canker on >100 different hosts, including the grapevine. P. syringae pv. syringae induces necrotic lesions in the leaf blades, veins, petioles, shoots, rachis, and tendrils on grapevine cultivars in different areas. P. syringae pv. syringae has been associated with severe economic losses in different grape cultivars in Australia, where it causes inflorescence rot. In midsummer to late summer 2017, symptoms of berry rots differing from those caused by the common berry rots agents were observed in different cultivar Red Globe vineyards of Apulia (southern Italy). As proven by fulfillment of Koch’s postulates, these symptoms were caused by a bacterium that, according to the results of biochemical, physiological, nutritional, antimicrobial activity, and pathogenicity tests and sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA, gyrB, rpoB, and rpoD genes, was identified as P. syringae pv. syringae. This is the first report of Pseudomonas grapevine bunch rot.

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First report of bacterial canker on wild almond (Prunus scoparia) caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Iran

Journal of Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s42161-021-00931-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mitra Omidi Nasab ◽

Mahsa Moalem ◽

Milad Aeini

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

First Report ◽

Prunus Scoparia ◽

Wild Almond

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First Report of Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in Greece

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-14-0738-pdn ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 (5) ◽

pp. 723-723 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. C. Holeva ◽

P. E. Glynos ◽

C. D. Karafla

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

First Report

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First Report of Bacterial Canker on Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Serbia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-21-1395-pdn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nevena Zlatkovic ◽

Goran Aleksić ◽

Katarina Gašić

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽

Bacterial Suspension ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Highbush Blueberry ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

First Report ◽

Appl Environ ◽

Symptomatic Tissue

During May 2021, necrosis of young twigs and flower buds were observed on two-year-old highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum) cv. Draper, in a 1 hectare orchard in the municipality of Šabac, Serbia. Disease symptoms included reddish-brown to black irregularly shaped cankers developing on the shoot tips that extended downwards along the branches. In some plants, cankers surrounded the stem, causing shoot-tip dieback and necrosis of the buds. Beneath the bark, a distinct margin between diseased and healthy tissue was visible. A few weeks before symptoms development, seven freezing events with temperature from -3°C to -1°C, and five near-freezing temperatures were recorded in this area, leading to the hypothesis that symptoms were associated to the presence of ice nucleating bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas syringae. The observed disease incidence was 80%, while 10% of the plants died. Bacteria were isolated from symptomatic tissue on King’s medium B (KB). After 2 to 3 days of incubation at 27°C, predominantly grey-whitish, shiny, round, convex bacterial colonies were observed on agar plates. Ten isolates producing a fluorescent pigment on KB were selected for further characterization by biochemical and molecular tests. The isolates were Gram, oxidase and arginine-dihydrolase negative, levan positive, induced hypersensitive response on tobacco leaves and showed no pectinolytic activity on potato slices. Based on the results of API 20E and API 20NE tests (BioMerieux, France), and the fact that isolates did not utilize tartrate nor had tyrosinase activity, they were preliminarly identified as Pseudomonas syrinage pv. syringae (Braun-Kiewnick and Sands 2001). Additionally, all tested isolates had ice-nucleation activity at -5°C. The syrB gene responsible for syringomycin synthesis, was amplified in all isoaltes with the specific primer pair B1/B2 (Sorensen et al. 1998). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of five selected isolates (GenBank MZ410287 to 91) showed 100% identity to P. s. pv. syringae isolated from Prunus avium in United Kingdom (GenBank CP026568) and France (GenBank LT962480). Sequences of gyrB gene (Sarkar and Guttman 2004) of two selected isolates (GenBank MZ420633 and MZ420634) showed 98,44% identity to the P. s. pv. syrinage strain isolated in France (GenBank LT962480). Pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed on 2-year-old blueberry plants cv. Draper, by inoculating two plants per isolate. One-cm long wounds were made on branches using a scalpel and 20 µl of bacterial suspension (106 CFU/ml) was infiltrated into the tissue. The cuts were then covered with moist sterile cotton pads and wraped in parafilm for 3 days. Inoculation was also performed on two leaves per plant by needleless syringe infiltration (106 CFU/ml). Sterile distilled water was used as a negative control. Plants were maintained in greenhouse at 27°C day and 15°C night temperature. Three weeks after inoculation, the inoculated branches and leaves developed necrosis, leaves spots and cankers respectively, resembling the natural infection. Symptoms were not observed on the control plants. Bacteria were reisolated from symptomatic tissue and their identity was confirmed by amplifying the syrB gene sequence and additional biochemical tests. This is the first report of bacterial canker of highbush blueberry caused by P. s. pv. syringae in Serbia. In Europe, there was only one report on Pseudomonas spp. causing disease on blueberry leaves in Poland (Kaluzna et al. 2013). Due to market demands and export potential, blueberry production in Serbia has been rapidly increasing. In 2015, highbush blueberry was cultivated on 220 ha, while in 2020 the area increased to 1899 ha. However, under favourable environmental conditions, blueberry production might be severely affected by bacterial canker. References: Braun-Kiewnick, A. and Sands, D.C. Page 84 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001. Kaluzna, M., et al. 2013. J Plant Protec Res 53:32. Sarkar, S. F., and Guttman, D. S. 2004. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:1999. https://doi.org/10.1128 Sorensen, K. N., et al. 1998. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:226.

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