scholarly journals Distribution and Molecular Characterization of Resistance-Breaking Isolates of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 847-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-Y. Liu ◽  
R. T. Lewellen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yellow Vein ◽  
Polymyxa Betae ◽  
Imperial Valley ◽  
Resistance Breaking ◽  
Soil Surveys

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is the causal agent of rhizomania in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). The virus is transmitted by the plasmodiophorid Polymyxa betae. The disease is controlled primarily by the use of partially resistant cultivars. During 2003 and 2004 in the Imperial Valley of California, partially resistant sugar beet cultivars with Rz1 allele seemed to be compromised. Field trials at Salinas, CA have confirmed that Rz1 has been defeated by resistance-breaking isolates. Distinct BNYVV isolates have been identified from these plants. Rhizomania-infested sugar beet fields throughout the United States were surveyed in 2004–05. Soil surveys indicated that the resistance-breaking isolates not only existed in the Imperial Valley and San Joaquin Valley of California but also in Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Oregon. Of the soil samples tested by baited plant technique, 92.5% produced infection with BNYVV in ‘Beta 6600’ (rz1rz1rz1), 77.5% in ‘Beta 4430R’ (Rz1rz1), 45.0% in ‘Beta G017R’ (Rz2rz2), and 15.0% in ‘KWS Angelina’ (Rz1rz1+Rz2rz2). Analyses of the deduced amino acid sequence of coat protein and P-25 protein of resistance-breaking BNYVV isolates revealed the high percentage of identity with non-resistance-breaking BNYVV isolates (99.9 and >98.0%, respectively). The variable amino acids in P-25 proteins were located at the residues of 67 and 68. In the United States, the two amino acids found in the non-resistance-breaking isolates were conserved (AC). The resistance-breaking isolates were variable including, AF, AL, SY, VC, VL, and AC. The change of these two amino acids cannot be depended upon to differentiate resistance-breaking and non-resistance-breaking isolates of BNYVV.

scholarly journals Suppression of Resistance-Breaking Beet necrotic yellow vein virus Isolates by Beet oak-leaf virus in Sugar Beet

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1043-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-Y. Liu ◽  
R. T. Lewellen
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yellow Vein ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Polymyxa Betae ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Resistance Breaking ◽  
Leaf Virus

Rhizomania, a serious disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), is caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV). Resistance allele Rz1 has been widely incorporated into commercial cultivars. Recently, resistance-breaking isolates of BNYVV (RB-BNYVV) were identified and characterized. When the occurrence of RB-BNYVV was surveyed throughout the sugar-beet-growing areas in the United States, most soil samples contained Beet oak-leaf virus (BOLV) as well. BNYVV and BOLV often occurred in the same field and sometimes in the same sugar beet plant. The possibility of interactions between these two Polymyxa betae-transmitted sugar beet viruses was tested. Plants grown in soils infested with aviruliferous P. betae or carrying RB-BNYVV and BOLV, alone and in combination, were compared with plants grown in noninfested soil for differences in plant fresh weight and virus content as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rz1 and Rz2 resistance genes that condition resistance to BNYVV did not confer resistance to BOLV. BNYVV ELISA values were significantly higher in single infections than in mixed infections with BOLV in both the rhizomania-resistant and -susceptible cultivars. In contrast, ELISA values of BOLV were not significantly different between single and mixed infections in both the rhizomania-resistant and -susceptible cultivars. Results indicate that BOLV may suppress BNYVV in mixed infections. Soils infested with P. betae significantly reduced fresh weight of sugar beet seedlings regardless of whether they were with or without one or both viruses or resistance genes.

scholarly journals First Report of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus on Red Table Beet in Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. M. Rezende ◽  
V. M. Camelo ◽  
D. Flôres ◽  
A. P. O. A. Mello ◽  
E. W. Kitajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Hairy Root ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Yellow Vein ◽  
Polymyxa Betae ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
First Report

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is an economically important pathogen of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) in several European, and Asian countries and in the United States (3). The virus is transmitted by the soil-inhabiting plasmodiophorid Polymyxa betae and causes the rhizomania disease of sugar beet. In November 2012, plants of B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris cv. Boro (red table beet) exhibiting mainly severe characteristic root symptom of rhizomania were found in a commercial field located in the municipality of São José do Rio Pardo, State of São Paulo, Brazil. No characteristic virus-inducing foliar symptom was observed on diseased plants. The incidence of diseased plants was around 70% in the two visited crops. As the hairy root symptom is indicative of infection by BNYVV, the present study aimed to detect and identify this virus associated with the diseased plants. Preliminary leaf dip analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of very few benyvirus-like particles. Total RNA was extracted from roots of three symptomatic plants and one asymptomatic plant according to Toth et al. (3). One-step reverse-transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed as described by Morris et al. (2) with primers that amplify part of the coat protein gene at RNA2. The initial assumption that the hairy root symptom was associated with BNYVV infection was confirmed by the amplification of a fragment of ~500 bp from all three symptomatic samples. No amplicon was obtained from the asymptomatic control plant. Amplicons were directly sequenced, and the consensus nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed 100% identity. The nucleotide sequence for one amplicon (Accession No. KM433683) was compared with other sequences deposited in GenBank. The nucleotide (468 nt) and deduced amino acid (156 aa) sequences shared 93 to 100 and 97 to 99% identity, respectively with the corresponding nucleotide and amino acid sequences for other isolates of type A of BNYVV. The virus was transmitted to three of 10 red table beet plants inoculated with contaminated soil, and infection was confirmed by nested RT-PCR, as described by Morris et al. (1), and nucleotide sequencing. This is the first report on the occurrence of BNYVV in Brazil, which certainly will affect the yield of red table beet in the producing region. Therefore, mapping of the occurrence of BNYVV in red table beet-producing areas in Brazil for containment of the spread of the virus is urgent. In the meantime, precautions should be taken to control the movement of contaminated soil and beet roots, carrots, or any vegetable grown on infested land that might introduce the virus to still virus-free regions. References: (1) J. Morris et al. J. Virol. Methods 95:163, 2001. (2) D. D. Sutic et al. Handbook of Plant Virus Diseases. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999. (3) I. K. Toth et al. Methods for the Detection and Quantification of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Pectobacterium carotovorum subsb. atrosepticum) on Potatoes: A Laboratory Manual. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, Scotland, 2002.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Resistance-Breaking Ability of Different Beet necrotic yellow vein virus Isolates Loaded into a Single Polymyxa betae Population in Soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Bornemann ◽  
Mark Varrelmann
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yellow Vein ◽  
Polymyxa Betae ◽  
Type Isolate ◽  
Pathogenicity Factor ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
P Type ◽  
Virus Isolates

The genome of most Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) isolates is comprised of four RNAs. The ability of certain isolates to overcome Rz1-mediated resistance in sugar beet grown in the United States and Europe is associated with point mutations in the pathogenicity factor P25. When the virus is inoculated mechanically into sugar beet roots at high density, the ability depends on an alanine to valine substitution at P25 position 67. Increased aggressiveness is shown by BNYVV P type isolates, which carry an additional RNA species that encodes a second pathogenicity factor, P26. Direct comparison of aggressive isolates transmitted by the vector, Polymyxa betae, has been impossible due to varying population densities of the vector and other soilborne pathogens that interfere with BNYVV infection. Mechanical root inoculation and subsequent cultivation in soil that carried a virus-free P. betae population was used to load P. betae with three BNYVV isolates: a European A type isolate, an American A type isolate, and a P type isolate. Resistance tests demonstrated that changes in viral aggressiveness towards Rz1 cultivars were independent of the vector population. This method can be applied to the study of the synergism of BNYVV with other P. betae-transmitted viruses.

scholarly journals Spatial Association and Distribution of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and Beet soilborne mosaic virus in Sugar Beet Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Workneh ◽  
E. Villanueva ◽  
K. Steddom ◽  
C. M. Rush
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Yellow Vein ◽  
Polymyxa Betae

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) causes rhizomania of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), which is characterized by stunting, leaf necrosis, constriction of the taproot, and extensive lateral- and feeder-root proliferation. Beet soilborne mosaic virus (BSBMV) causes similar but typically less severe symptoms than those of BNYVV. Both viruses are widely distributed in sugar beet-growing regions of the United States. Both viruses are vectored by the soilborne plasmodiophorid Polymyxa betae Keskin and are very similar in morphology and biology, sharing many characteristics in common. In 1999, soil samples were collected from sugar beet fields in Colorado, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Texas to determine the spatial association and covariation of the viruses in sugar beet fields. In 2000, additional samples were collected from fields in Minnesota and North Dakota. Over the 2-year period, soil samples were collected from 11 fields in various quadrat sizes. The viruses were assayed by growing sugar beet (cv. Beta 1395) in the soil samples and their incidence was determined using the double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both viruses were detected in samples from all fields but were in greater frequencies singly than in association. Association of the two viruses (where both viruses were detected in the same sample or bait plant) varied among fields, ranging from 1 to 42%. Geostatistical analysis revealed that both viruses, in large part, exhibited similar spatial patterns. In all but two fields, there was no spatial dependence among the sampling locations at sampled grid sizes. Their semivariances were constant at all separation distances in all directions indicating random spatial patterns. Overall, the spatial pattern of BNYVV appeared to be a little more structured than that of BSBMV. Even though both viruses are transmitted by the same vector and also exhibited similar distribution patterns, the incidence of one virus may not be estimated from that of the other due to lack of strong association and spatial dependence. However, similarity in spatial patterns of the two suggests that a similar sampling method can be employed for both viruses.

Representative Soil Surveys of the United States

Soil Horizons ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
R. B. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Surveys

scholarly journals Integrated Control of Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot of Sugar Beet with Fungicides and Antagonistic Bacteria

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 718-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kiewnick ◽  
Barry J. Jacobsen ◽  
Andrea Braun-Kiewnick ◽  
Joyce L. A. Eckhoff ◽  
Jerry W. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Crown And Root Rot

Rhizoctonia crown and root rot, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2, is one of the most damaging sugar beet diseases worldwide and causes significant economic losses in more than 25% of the sugar beet production area in the United States. We report on field trials in the years 1996 to 1999 testing both experimental fungicides and antagonistic Bacillus sp. for their potential to reduce disease severity and increase sugar yield in trials inoculated with R. solani AG 2-2. Fungicides were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting or as band sprays directed at the crown at the four-leaf stage, or four- plus eight-leaf stage, while bacteria were applied at the four-leaf stage only. The fungicides azoxystrobin and tebuconazole reduced crown and root rot disease by 50 to 90% over 3 years when used at rates of 76 to 304 g a.i./ha and 250 g a.i./ha, respectively. The disease index at harvest was reduced and the root and sugar yield increased with azoxystrobin compared with tebuconazole. The combination of azoxystrobin applied at 76 g a.i./ha and the Bacillus isolate MSU-127 resulted in best disease reduction and greatest root and sucrose yield increase.

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