scholarly journals Rind Stippling on Valencia Oranges by Copper Fungicides Used for Control of Citrus Black Spot in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 851-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Schutte ◽  
K. V. Beeton ◽  
J. M. Kotzé
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
The Other ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Copper Fungicides ◽  
Citrus Black Spot ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide ◽  
Protection Period

Four copper sprays and copper mixtures with dithiocarbamates aggravated stippling of the fruit rind of Valencia oranges if sprayed in succession at registered rates during the recommended protection period from October to January for control of citrus black spot in South Africa. Copper stippling was more severe on treatments in which copper oxychloride was sprayed in succession, individually, or in combination with mancozeb or maneb/ZnO. On the other hand, less copper stippling was observed on treatments in which three mancozeb applications were altered with a single copper oxychloride as tank mixtures with or without mancozeb, which was sprayed during midsummer (December and January). Cupric hydroxide resulted in more general copper stippling lesions than any other copper oxychloride spray program. Four successive applications of the wettable powder copper oxychloride formulation resulted in more copper stippling when compared with the suspension concentrate formulation. Stippling was calculated to be more severe with late applications of copper fungicides during December and January. In another experiment, all contact fungicides tested were effective in controlling citrus black spot.

A strategy for reducing russet in Red Fuji apples while maintaining control of black spot (Venturia inaequalis)

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Jones ◽  
SA Bound ◽  
MJ Oakford ◽  
D Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Summer Program ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Similar Incidence

A trial at the Grove Research Station in southern Tasmania examined methods of protection against black spot and the effect of these treatments on russeting of Red Fuji apples. An untreated control was compared with sprays of cupric hydroxide (wettable powder and dry flowable forms, 2.5 g/L) and copper oxychloride (4.0 g/L), and with dithianon (wettable powder 5 g/L, or suspension concentrate 5.0 or 7.5 gL). All sprays were applied at greentip, and dithianon was also applied at 10-day intervals for 5 sprays (spring program). Copper treatments were followed, or not, by a spring program of thiram, and all treatments were with or without a following summer program of thiram. Control of black spot (95% fruit with no spot) was not achieved with copper sprays at greentip alone, although control was better than on the unsprayed treatment. All dithianon programs, and cupric hydroxide sprays followed by thiram, controlled black spot. No difference was found between formulations for either cupric hydroxide or dithianon. Copper oxychloride increased the incidence of severe russet to >50% compared with the unsprayed control (28.5%). All other treatments were satisfactory, with similar incidence of russet to the control treatment, and could be used in commercial practices.

scholarly journals The Binding Effect of the Constitutive Documents of Companies: The 1973 and 2008 Companies Acts of South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Tebogo Morajane
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fiduciary Duties ◽  
Binding Effect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
A Company

This contribution examines the provisions of the constitutive documents of companies under two specific provisions, namely s 65(2) of the Companies Act 61 of 1973 and s 15(6) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008.  The aim is to determine who is bound by these provisions, the circumstances which give rise to being bound by them, and the possible effect thereof on various parties. The provisions of the constitutive documents under section 65(2) of the 1973 Companies Act are interpreted by courts and academic writers to amount to a statutory contract between a company and its members and between members inter se. The members are said to be bound by the provisions of these documents only in their capacity as members. It is submitted, however, that the rights and obligations are granted to members in their capacity as such if they are membership rights which are granted by virtue on one’s membership. So far the courts have failed to provide a logical explanation of the concept “capacity of a member as such”. This failure and the “qua membership test” resulted in limitations in the interpretation of section 65(2): for example, the exclusion of persons who are regarded as outsiders. The directors, despite the fact that numerous provisions of the applicable article provides for their rights, have rights that are unenforceable via the articles, for being regarded as outsiders. The company on the other hand can enforce the obligations against the directors on the basis of breach of their fiduciary duties. These limitations called for a redraft of section 65(2).  This contribution raises the legal challenges raised by the above. It arrives inter alia at the conclusion that the “qua membership test” may find application under the 2008 Companies Act, since members/shareholders may be allowed to exercise rights that are membership rights granted to them by virtue of their membership, and directors may be allowed to exercise rights that are granted to them in their official capacities as such.

scholarly journals The impact of the credit legislation on consumers

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hlako Choma ◽  
Thifulufhelwi Cedric Tshidada ◽  
Tshegofatso Kgarabjang
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Credit Agreement ◽  
Financial Obligation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Credit Act

The purpose of this paper is to examine two South Africa legislations dealing with over indebtedness of a consumer. It is clear that in terms of the South African law, section 129 (1) and 130 (3) of the National Credit Act provide that a creditor provider who wishes to enforce a debt under a credit agreement must first issue a section 129 (1) (a) notice to the consumer (the purpose of the notice is to notify the consumer of his/her arrears). On the other hand, the South African National Credit Act encourages the consumers to fulfil the financial obligations for which they are responsible. The second legislation to be examined which serve or appear to serve same purpose as the National Credit Act is the Insolvency Act. It therefore, postulated that the compulsory sequestration of a consumer in terms of the Insolvency Act would stand as an alternative remedy for a credit provider before she/he can have recourse mechanisms, such as debt review that are focused on satisfaction of the consumer’s financial obligation , in terms of the provisions of the National Credit Act. The paper determines to what extend these measures comply with the constitutional consumer protection demands. The legislature had been pertinently cognizant of the Insolvency Act when it lately enacted the National Credit Act. This is much apparent from the express amendment of section 84 of the Insolvency Act to the extent set out in schedule 2 of the National Credit Act

Aspects of Islam in Nineteenth-Century South Africa

1940 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-221
Author(s):  
S. A. Rochlin
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Teaching Religion ◽  
Holy City

Writing about life in Mecca in 1884–5 Professor C. Snouck Hurgronje made this observation: ”A class of Jâwah who dwell outside the geographical boundaries but who in late years have made regular pilgrimages to Mekka are people from the Cape of Good Hope. They are derived from Malays, formerly brought to the Cape by the Dutch, with a small mixture of Dutch blood. Some words of their Malay speech have passed into the strange, clipped Dutch dialect of the Boers. On the other hand they have exchanged their mother tongue for Cape Dutch, of course retaining many Malay expressions. Taking into consideration the genuinely Dutch names of many of these Ahl Kâf (as they are called in Mekka) one is tempted to believe that degenerated Dutch have been drawn by them into their religion, and many types among them increase the probability of this suggestion. Separated from intercourse with other Moslims they would scarcely have had the moral strength to hold their religion had not eager co-religionists come to them from abroad. When and whence these came is not known to me; however this may be, the mosques in Cape Colony have been more fervently supported in the last twenty years than ever before, more trouble is taken in teaching religion and every year some of the Ahl Kâf fare on pilgrimage to the Holy City.“

scholarly journals Investigating the Need to Reintroduce a Ballot Requirement for a Protected Strike in South Africa

Obiter ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mlungisi Tenza
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Meaningful Role ◽  
Counter Argument

The issue of violent and protracted strikes has been a source of debate on many labour platforms in South Africa. Unions believe that if a ballot is introduced as one of the requirements for a protected strike in South Africa, it will be abused by employers and manipulated as was the case under the old Labour Relations Act. A counter- argument is that no one can take away a right in the Bill of Rights unless the prescribed procedure in the Constitution is followed. A right in the Bill of Rights can also not be limited unless the limitation is in terms of section 36 of the Constitution. Of particular importance to this issue is not the number of strikes in South Africa but their nature (which has been violent) and their duration (which has been unreasonably long). The violent nature of strikes is a major concern for employers, society and non-striking employees. Violent and lengthy strikes are dangerous to both employers and employees. The employer suffers loss of profit and loss of clients with the possibility of reducing its workforce or closing its business. Employees, on the other hand, face retrenchments if the business is not making a profit. The article argues that the reintroduction of a ballot requirement will play a meaningful role in reducing the number of strikes and their duration. Balloting employees prior and during the course of a strike will help test whether employees have the appetite for the strike. The article further argues that if long strikes can be reduced through ballots, dismissal on the basis of operational requirements could be avoided. In the long run, poverty arising from high levels of unemployment could be avoided.

Nationalist representations of the Mughal state: The views of Tilak and Gandhi

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Farhat Hasan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Mughal Empire ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
National Hero ◽  
Jawaharlal Nehru

The Mughal Empire as the major polity in India preceding the colonial regime was seen by British historians as a Muslim regime, imposed over a Hindu majority, and this fitted into their picture of two irreconcilable religious camps, existing within India, whose mutual conflict was kept at bay only because of the intervention of the colonial power. Tilak accepted this picture and saw Shivaji as the leader of Hindu resistance against foreign, Muslim domination. His early views were, however, modified in later years when he realised that overtures should be made to Muslims in order to strengthen the national struggle. The tag of ‘foreign’ was removed from the Mughals. It was argued that because Akbar’s successors no longer followed his enlightened policy, Shivaji rose against the Mughals and so must be treated as a national hero. On the other hand, Gandhi from his South Africa days was not prepared to denounce Muslim rulers, including the Mughals, as foreigners or as evil. While not prepared to concede to any religion’s superiority over another, he was critical of what he thought to be Akbar’s attempt to unite all religions into one. On the other hand, he praised Mughal rulers for their tolerance and even defended Aurangzeb though on the basis only of what Mohammad Ali, for long his political associate, told him! Unlike Jawaharlal Nehru, Gandhi did not explicitly extol composite culture possibly because while he wished that all religions tolerate each other, he did not want them to get mixed up.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation ofGuignardia mangiferaefrom “Tahiti” Acid Lime

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Wickert ◽  
Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos ◽  
Luciano Takeshi Kishi ◽  
Andressa de Souza ◽  
Antonio de Goes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
The Other ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Citrus Black Spot ◽  
Panmictic Population ◽  
Acid Lime

Among the citrus plants, “Tahiti” acid lime is known as a host ofG. mangiferaefungi. This species is considered endophytic for citrus plants and is easily isolated from asymptomatic fruits and leaves.G. mangiferaeis genetically related and sometimes confused withG. citricarpawhich causes Citrus Black Spot (CBS). “Tahiti” acid lime is one of the few species that means to be resistant to this disease because it does not present symptoms. Despite the fact that it is commonly found in citric plants, little is known about the populations ofG. mangiferaeassociated with these plants. Hence, the objective of this work was to gain insights about the genetic diversity of theG. mangiferaepopulations that colonize “Tahiti” acid limes by sequencing cistron ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. It was verified that “Tahiti” acid lime plants are hosts ofG. mangiferaeand also ofG. citricarpa, without presenting symptoms of CBS. Populations ofG. mangiferaepresent low-to-moderate genetic diversity and show little-to-moderate levels of population differentiation. As gene flow was detected among the studied populations and they share haplotypes, it is possible that all populations, from citrus plants and also from the other known hosts of this fungus, belong to one great panmictic population.

Cylinder-scales in marine flagellates from the genus Chrysochromulina (Haptophyceae = Prymnesiophyceae): further observations from C. microcylindra Leadbeater and C. cyathophora Thomsen

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Manton ◽  
K. Oates ◽  
J. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transverse Fracture ◽  
Insufficient Evidence ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Different Parts

As aids to the phyletic interpretation of the newly described Chrysochromulina pachycylindra Manton et al., some hitherto unrecorded gatherings of C. microcylindra Leadbeater and C. cyathophora Thomsen, from South Africa and South Alaska respectively, are introduced, thereby amplifying the type descriptions of both species, which were previously known only from Europe. Characters shared between C. pachycylindra and C. microcylindra are numerous, including a capacity for transverse fracture of their cylinders not previously noted in the latter. This suggests an exceptional degree of affinity between these two species in spite of gross differences in relative dimensions of different parts of their respective cylinder scales. On the other hand the general resemblance between C. microcylindra and C. megacylindra (Leadbeater, 1972), previously noted, is unaffected by these findings and it is concluded that all three species could be treated as a closely related subgroup within the genus Chrysochromulina. In contrast, C. cyathophora is shown to be so different as to be interpretable only in terms of parallel evolution from a separate prototype source, the plate-scales in particular being so far unique in the genus in being thin, rimless, peculiarly patterned and convex when seen in section. The mere presence of cylinder-scales is thus seen to be insufficient evidence of phyletic affinity unless confirmed by other characters, among which the details of the plate-scales are probably the most important.

scholarly journals Application of Azoxystrobin for Control of Benomyl-Resistant Guignardia citricarpa on ‘Valencia’ Oranges in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 784-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Schutte ◽  
R. I. Mansfield ◽  
H. Smith ◽  
K. V. Beeton
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Guignardia Citricarpa ◽  
Citrus Black Spot ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Small Plot

Azoxystrobin was evaluated in replicated small-plot trials from 1995 to 1999 for control of citrus black spot (CBS) on ‘Valencia’ oranges caused by Guignardia citricarpa. Applications of different rates of tank mixes of azoxystrobin and mancozeb during the susceptible period from October to January were compared with an untreated control as well as the standard four applications of mancozeb with or without mineral oil (1.20 g a.i./liter + 0.5% [vol/vol]/liter and 1.60 g a.i./liter of water, respectively). Two applications of azoxystrobin in tank mixtures with mancozeb and mineral oil (0.5% [vol/vol]/liter) in mid-November and mid-January at rates of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 g a.i./liter controlled CBS by more than 98 to 99%, 99 to 100% and 95 to 98%, respectively. Concomitantly, where mineral oil was not added to the fungicide mixture, azoxystrobin and mancozeb resulted only in 73 to 95%, 74 to 93% and 92.2 to 92.3% CBS control, respectively. Tank mixtures of benomyl, mancozeb, and mineral oil reduced CBS by only 29%, which could be attributed to the presence of benomyl-resistant pathogen isolates in the experimental orchard. Azoxystrobin applied at rates of 0.05, 0.075, and 0.10 g a.i./liter in tank mixtures with mancozeb (1.2 g a.i./liter) and mineral oil (0.5% [vol/vol]/liter of water) or Agral 90 (0.5% [vol/vol]/liter of water) were equally effective, reducing CBS by more than 99%. When mineral oil was compared to different adjuvants in tank mixtures with azoxystrobin and mancozeb, only mineral oil resulted in 100% clean exportable fruit. There was no difference between Sunspray 6E and Bac oil when mixed with azoxystrobin and mancozeb on the degree of disease control. Furthermore, the concentration of mineral oil in water can be lowered from 0.5% (vol/vol)/liter of water to 0.3% (vol/vol)/liter of water without a loss in efficacy against CBS. It is therefore, recommended that azoxystrobin (0.075 g a.i./liter) must be applied in tank mixtures with mancozeb (1.2 g a.i./liter) and mineral oil, which can be applied at either 0.5% (vol/vol)/liter of water or 0.3% (vol/vol)/liter of water.

Statecraft, Witchcraft, God’s Craft: Religious Diversity and the Forces of Law in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-284
Author(s):  
Marian Burchardt
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

AbstractLegal anthropologists and sociologists of religion increasingly recognize the importance of law in current controversies over religious diversity. Drawing on the case of South Africa, this article explores how such controversies are shaped by contestations over what counts as ‘religion’. Analyzing the historical context and emergent forms of institutional secularity from which contemporary contestations over religious diversity draw, the article explores debates and practices of classification around religion, tradition, and culture, and the ways in which these domains are co-constituted through their claims on the law: on the one hand through an analysis of religion-related jurisprudence; on the other hand through an examination of the debates on witchcraft, law, and religion. I argue that the production of judicial knowledge of ‘religion’, ‘culture’, and ‘tradition’ is tied up with contestations over the power to define the meaning of the domains. In fact, contrary to notions of constitutionality in which rights seem to exist prior to the claims made on their basis, in a fundamental sense rights struggles help to constitute the contemporary human rights dispensation. Against the Comaroffs’ claim that judicialization depoliticizes power struggles, I show that legal claims making remains vibrantly political.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document