scholarly journals First Report on the Multiplication of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus in Tobacco Thrips, Frankliniella fusca

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1282-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Pappu ◽  
J. W. Todd ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
M. D. Bandla ◽  
J. L. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Individual Adult

In Georgia, tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) causes significant losses in peanut, tobacco, tomato, and pepper. Transmission of TSWV in Georgia primarily is by tobacco thrips (TT), Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and western flower thrips, F. occidentalis (Pergande), with TT being the predominant vector species in peanut (2). TSWV must be acquired at the larval stage for the adult to transmit the virus. Detection of NSs (a non-structural TSWV protein present only following virus replication) in thrips by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a reliable indicator that the virus had multiplied in the vector and thus the vector is competent to transmit TSWV. While this has been accomplished with F. occidentalis (1), information is lacking for F. fusca, the predominant vector in Georgia and other states in the Southeast. Thus, the nature of the TSWV-TT association was investigated and the proportion of transmitters in a field population determined in 1,436 individual adult TT collected from sticky cards positioned in selected peanut fields in south Georgia. Additionally, 650 larvae collected from volunteer peanut plants were reared to adults in the laboratory and the resulting 295 adult TT were individually evaluated by ELISA. Of those collected from the sticky cards, NSs was detected in 8% of the adult insects, indicating that the virus had multiplied in TT. NSs was not detected in control TT that had no access to the virus. Of the adult TT that emerged from larvae collected from volunteer peanuts, 6.1% were positive for NSs. Our study provides the first immunological evidence that TSWV multiplies in TT. References: (1) M. D. Bandla et al. Phytopathology 84:1427, 1994. (2) J. R. Chamberlin et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 86:40, 1993.

Reaction of Peanut Cultivars to Spotted Wilt

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
J. W. Todd ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
S. L. Brown ◽  
J. Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Abstract Field tests were conducted in 1997 and 1998 in Georgia and Florida to compare the effects of 10 and 12 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, respectively, on epidemics of spotted wilt caused by tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus. Epidemics of spotted wilt were suppressed for the moderately resistant standard Georgia Green, and in Southern Runner, Florida MDR 98, ViruGard, and NC-V11. The reponse of these five cultivars to spotted wilt were similar and resulted in lower final disease intensity and areas under the disease progress curves than in the susceptible standard Georgia Runner, and in SunOleic 97R and Tamrun 96. Southern Runner and Florida MDR-98 consistently had higher yields than the TSWV-susceptible Georgia Runner. Georgia Green and NC-V11 had higher yields than Georgia Runner in three of the four tests. No consistent differences were found among the cultivars for numbers of adult tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) or western flower thrips (F. occidentalis). Differences among cultivars for numbers of larvae of Frankliniella spp. also were few and inconsistent. There was no indication that differences in thrips populations were responsible for differences in severity of spotted wilt in the field.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Five Thrips Species on Flue-Cured Tobacco and Impact on Spotted Wilt Disease Incidence in Georgia

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 765-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. McPherson ◽  
H. R. Pappu ◽  
D. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Tobacco Production ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca

Thrips-vectored tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) infection is a major constraint on tobacco production in Georgia. Flue-cured tobacco fields were surveyed throughout the season from 1989 to 1991 and 1996 to 1998 to determine spotted wilt disease incidence and seasonal abundance and species composition of thrips populations. Five species were commonly found that accounted for more than 95% of the 17,000 thrips collected, including Frankliniella fusca, F. occidentalis, F. bispinosa, F. tritici, and Limothrips cerealium. F. fusca, F. occidentalis, and F. bispinosa are vectors of TSWV. F. fusca was the most common foliage thrips collected during all years, except 1989, when L. cerealium was the most abundant species. During 1989 to 1991, 22 to 68% of the foliage and flower thrips identified were TSWV vector species. The 1996 to 1998 foliage collections had much higher percentages of vector species (95 to 97%). The 1996 flower samples also had a very high percentage of vector species (94%); however, the percentages were much lower in 1997 (3%) and 1998 (32%). A trend toward higher incidence of TSWV occurred during the last three seasons studied, when thrips vector species were more abundant.

scholarly journals The Role of Weed Hosts and Tobacco Thrips, Frankliniella fusca, in the Epidemiology of Tomato spotted wilt virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Groves ◽  
J. F. Walgenbach ◽  
J. W. Moyer ◽  
G. G. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Sonchus Asper ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Wilt Virus

Wild plant species were systematically sampled to characterize reproduction of thrips, the vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and natural sources TSWV infection. Thrips populations were monitored on 28 common perennial, biennial, and annual plant species over two noncrop seasons at six field locations across North Carolina. Sonchus asper, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum officianale consistently supported the largest populations of immature TSWV vector species. The tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, was the most abundant TSWV vector species collected, comprising over 95% of vector species in each survey season. Perennial plant species (i.e., Plantago rugelii and Taraxacum officianale) were often only locally abundant, and many annual species (Cerastium vulgatum, Sonchus asper, and Stellaria media) were more widely distributed. Perennial species, including P. rugelii and Rumex crispus, remained TSWV infected for 2 years in a small-plot field test. Where these perennial species are locally abundant, they may serve as important and long-lasting TSWV inoculum sources. In random surveys across 12 locations in North Carolina, TSWV infection was documented by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 35 of 72 (49%) common perennial (N = 10), biennial (N = 4), and annual (N = 21) plant species across 18 plant families. Estimated rates of TSWV infection were highest in Cerastium vulgatum (4.2%), Lactuca scariola (1.3%), Molluga verticillata (4.3%), Plantago rugelii (3.4%), Ranunculus sardous (3.6%), Sonchus asper (5.1%), Stellaria media (1.4%), and Taraxacum officianale (5.8%). Nine plant species were determined to be new host recordings for TSWV infection, including Cardamine hirsuta, Eupatorium capillifolium, Geranium carolinianum, Gnaphalium purpureum, Linaria canadense, Molluga verticillata, Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Triodanis perfoliata. Our findings document the relative potential of a number of common annual, biennial, and perennial plant species to act as important reproductive sites for F. fusca and as acquisition sources of TSWV for spread to susceptible crops.

scholarly journals Effect of Plastic Mulch Color and Insecticides on Thrips Populations and Damage to Tomato

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve L. Brown ◽  
James E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Black Plastic

In each of 3 years, the average number of thrips in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Mountain Pride) blooms was greater on tomatoes grown on white plastic mulch than on tomatoes grown on black plastic mulch, aluminum plastic mulch, or bare ground. Early season differences, however, diminished with time as plants grew and shaded a larger portion of plastic mulch. Weekly applications of 12 insecticide treatments failed to reduce thrips populations below that found in the control. No significant differences were found among treatments in the quantity, quality, or earliness of tomato yields. Incidence of tomato spotted wilt (vectored by some thrips species) was too low to detect statistical differences or determine the importance of thrips population in disease epidemiology. Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) was the most common species found, followed by eastern flower thrips (F. tritici) and tobacco thrips (F. fusca). Thrips control, in the absence of tomato spotted wilt, is not justified for the thrips populations encountered in this study.

scholarly journals Inoculation of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus into Cotton

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 959-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Groves ◽  
G. G. Kennedy ◽  
J. F. Walgenbach ◽  
J. W. Moyer
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
World Cotton ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
The One ◽  
Wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an economically important virus of many crops throughout the world. Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., has previously been demonstrated to be susceptible to TSWV (1). During the fall of 1996, cotton was assayed as a potential host of TSWV, as it is an important early season host of thrips vectors of TSWV. Four commercial cotton varieties (DP 20, DP 52, DP 5409, and HS 46) were screened for susceptibility to four isolates of TSWV: two from tobacco, one from pineapple, and one from dahlia. Greenhouse-grown plants in the first true leaf stage were inoculated mechanically. Mean percent infection ranged from 20 to 33% (x = 27%) across all cotton varieties screened against all virus isolates 21 days post-inoculation. TSWV was recovered through mechanical inoculation from double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS ELISA) positive cotton leaves in 83% of indicator plants, Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight. Individual cotton plants testing TSWV ELISA positive were held for an additional 28 days with 4% of these again testing virus positive. The four cotton varieties were tested in the cotyledon, one-leaf, and four-leaf stages for susceptibility to tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds, transmission of one TSWV isolate from tobacco. First instar thrips were obtained from an avirulent colony. Mean percent infection among all varieties assayed was 10, 63, and 5%, respectively, for the three developmental stages. Cotton appears to be most susceptible in the one-leaf developmental stage with potential to serve as a source for TSWV spread to other crops. Reference: (1) G. L. Schuster and R. S. Haliwell. Plant Dis. 78:100, 1994.

Effect of Imidacloprid on Settling Behavior of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Tomato and Peanut

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Settling Behavior ◽  
Systemic Application

The effect of a systemic application of imidacloprid (Admire 2F®) on the settling of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (western flower thrips) and Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (tobacco thrips) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was studied with leaf-choice tests in peanut and tomato. Settling behavior of F. occidentalis was significantly increased (by 48%) in peanut, but was not affected in tomato with a systemic application of imidacloprid by soil drench. Settling of F. fusca was significantly reduced by the same imidacloprid treatment in tomato (by 32%), but not in peanut. These results indicate that at-planting soil-applied imidacloprid in the field can increase the presence of flower thrips (F. occidentalis) in peanut, but decrease foliage thrips (F. fusca) in tomato. Thus, where early-season transmission of virus by F fusca is a primary concern in tomato, imidacloprid could provide some benefit in thrips vector management by reducing the amount of thrips settling on leaves.

scholarly journals Host Plant Resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus) in Tomato

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1626-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Riley ◽  
Shimat V. Joseph ◽  
W. Terry Kelley ◽  
Steve Olson ◽  
John Scott
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Wilt Virus

Commercially available cultivars of tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. were field-tested for resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) over a 5-year period (from 2006 to 2010) at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station at Tifton, GA. Selected cultivars were transplanted each year into staked, black plastic mulch beds on drip irrigation in the spring of each year when the incidence of Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) tended to be highest. The presence of TSWV was confirmed by double antibody sandwich (DAS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, the presence of thrips vectors was monitored using beat-cup sampling of foliage and flower samples. Tomato cultivars with the Sw-5 resistance gene provided high levels of control of TSW expression over all 5 years. However, these genotypes had no apparent effect on the thrips vectors, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), that transmit TSWV. Overall, the top 15 commercial tomato cultivars based on consistent TSW resistance and ranked from highest marketable fruit yield were: ‘Tycoon’, ‘Tous 91’, ‘Talladega’, ‘Red Defender’, ‘BHN 444’, ‘Nico’, ‘Carson’, ‘BHN 685 (Roma type)’, ‘Picus’, ‘Redline’, ‘Tribute’, ‘Quincy’, ‘BHN 640’, ‘BHN 602’, and ‘Top Gun’.

scholarly journals Acquisition of Tomato spotted wilt virus by Adults of Two Thrips Species

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. de Assis Filho ◽  
C. M. Deom ◽  
J. L. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Wilt Virus

Only larval thrips that acquire Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), or adults derived from such larvae, transmit the virus. Nonviruliferous adults can ingest virus particles while feeding on TSWV-infected plants, but such adult thrips have not been shown to transmit TSWV. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to show that thrips 1, 5, 10, and 20 days after adult emergence (DAE) fed on TSWV-infected plants acquired TSWV with virus replication and accumulation occurring in both epithelial and muscle cells of Frankliniella fusca (tobacco thrips [TT]) and F. occidentalis (western flower thrips [WFT]), as indicated by immunodetection of the nonstructural (NSs) protein encoded by the small RNA and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, respectively. Adult WFT acquired TSWV more efficiently than TT. There was no significant effect of insect age on TSWV acquisition by TT. In contrast, acquisition by adult WFT at 1 and 5 DAE was higher than acquisition at 10 and 20 DAE. Subsequent transmission competence of adult cohorts was studied by vector transmission assays. All adult thrips tested that had an acquisition access period as an adult were unable to transmit the virus. These results indicate the susceptibility of adult TT and WFT to infection of midgut cells by TSWV and subsequent virus replication and confirm earlier studies that adult thrips that feed on virus-infected plants do not transmit the virus. The role of a tissue barrier in TSWV movement and infection from midgut muscle cells to the salivary glands is discussed.

Field Performance of Advanced Runner- and Virginia-Type Peanut Breeding Lines During Epidemics of TSWV

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
J. W. Todd ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
F. M. Shokes ◽  
H. R. Pappu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Production Areas

Abstract Spotted wilt, caused by tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), has become a major problem in peanut- (Arachis hypogaea L.) producing areas of the southern U.S. Development of cultivars with resistance to TSWV appears to be among the most promising methods for managing this disease. As part of efforts toward characterizing breeding lines with potential for release as cultivars, epidemics of spotted wilt were monitored in field plots of runner-type peanut cultivars Southern Runner and Florunner and advanced breeding lines: 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B (virginia-type), F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B (runner-type), and F 84/28-5-5-2-2-1-b2-B (runner-type), F 84/28-5-4-2-2-b3-B (runner-type). The tests were conducted near Attapulgus, GA and Marianna, FL in 1995 and 1996. In 1996, the tests also included the runner-type cultivar AT-108. Epidemics of spotted wilt were suppressed in F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B, F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B, F 84/28-5-5-2-2-1-b2-B, and Southern Runner in comparison to those in Florunner. Final disease incidence and/or final disease intensity ratings in F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B were similar to those of Southern Runner. In 1996, final spotted wilt intensity ratings in F 84/28-5-4-2-2-b3-B and AT-108 did not differ from those of Florunner. Yields of F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B were superior to those of Florunner in three of the four tests. No differences were found among the genotypes in numbers of adults of tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) or western flower thrips (F. occidentalis), and differences in numbers of larvae of Frankliniella spp. were few and not consistent. There was no evidence that differences in final disease incidence or disease intensity ratings were due to differential preference by thrips or to suitability for thrips reproduction. F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B represent potential tools for management of spotted wilt in peanut production areas of the southeastern U.S.

scholarly journals Survival and Reproductive Success of Tobacco Thrips on Three Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Infected and Noninfected Peanut Cultivars

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Garcia ◽  
G. G. Kennedy ◽  
R. L. Brandenburg
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Wilt Virus

Abstract A comparison of the survival and reproductive success of Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyviridae: Tospovirus) (TSWV) infected and uninfected peanut plants was conducted under greenhouse conditions in North Carolina. Three cultivars—NC 9, NC-V11, and NC 12C—adapted to North Carolina production practices were evaluated. A total of 180 individually caged plants, in three replicates, were infested with 20 female F. fusca each. Adult and larval thrips were collected after 30 d on the plants. Final counts were square root transformed and a mixed model analysis of variance conducted. Effects of cultivar and the virus-by-cultivar interaction were not statistically significant. TSWV-infected plants had significantly fewer adult and larval F. fusca than did uninfected plants for adults (P = 0.04) and for larvae (P = 0.01). This study reports on an alternative method of assessing TSWV resistance among peanut cultivars and the trend appears to support the conclusions of a previous field study, which found NC 9 more susceptible to TSWV than either NC-V11 or NC 12C.

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