Knowles' Prominent Long-Range Contribution to Andragogy

Newman declared Knowles as the only adult educator who provided an andragogical means to assess the needs of adult learners. Isenberg provided a breakthrough framework for bringing together the interaction of theoretical and practical aspects of andragogical and internet learning. Zollar and Harrison concluded that Knowles' expanding upon his earlier work propelled the movement of the differences between individual adult and child learners. Boucouvalas underscored, clarified, and strengthened Knowles' andragogical emphasis being on organizational as well as individual learning. Vodde's research on police preparation found better results with using Knowles' andragogy than with using pedagogy. Henschke discovered the same with Brazilians in 30 corporations. Henry's dissertation on Knowles was number eight and was published later as a history of Knowles' thought. Brights and Mahdi's andragogical research in Iraq fostered and secured long-term peace and stability. This chapter explores all of this.

Do aspermic (parthenogenetic) Fasciola forms have the ability to reproduce their progeny via parthenogenesis?

Across Far East Asia, aspermic Fasciola forms are found endemically. They have abnormal spermatogenesis and oogenesis, and it is presumed that their progeny are produced parthenogenetically and clonally. Because of this, they are also termed parthenogenic Fasciola forms. Currently, there is no evidence that they do indeed reproduce parthenogenetically and clonally. In this study, the multilocus genetic type (MLG) in 12 microsatellite markers of adult flukes and their subsequent progeny larvae were analysed using two laboratory aspermic Fasciola triploid strains. The MLGs of adults and their larvae were identical for all markers evaluated, suggesting that these strains reproduce their progeny clonally. The deviation between theoretical and actual frequency within the larvae genotype of the Fh_6 locus resulted in the inability for self-fertilization within individual adult flukes. These findings strongly suggested that aspermic Fasciola forms reproduce their progeny by means of parthenogenesis, possibly gynogenesis.

Phylogenetic positions of “pico-sized” radiolarians from middle layer waters of the tropical Pacific

In order to determine whether truly pico-sized adult radiolarians exist, we compared spumellarian sequences from individual adult samples collected in the central Pacific, with filtered sea water samples of juvenile (5–42 μm) and gamete (0.2–5 μm) sized fractions to see whether the gene sequences are similar or different. Environmental spumellarian-affiliated sequences we sampled were mostly concentrated in samples from 250 to 400 m depth and only appeared in the RAD-III clade, which corresponds to the family Astrosphaeridae (including Arachnosphaera, Astrosphaera, and Cladococcus). None of the same ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences were found in both filter membranes of the same sea water samples. Pairwise distances among these environmental spumellarian-affiliated sequences are within or slightly above the range of intra-morphospecific variations. We propose a model to explain our observations based on the hypothesis that the “pico-sized radiolarians” represent gametes of radiolarians of normal size, assuming different sinking speeds of parents and offspring.

Virus infections in Varroa destructor-resistant honeybees

Populations of European honeybee subspecies, Apis mellifera, have the ability to adapt naturally to the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor. It is possible that a tolerance to mite-vectored viruses may contribute to colony survival. If this is the case, surviving populations should show lower virus titers and prevalence compared to susceptible populations. Here, we investigated the prevalence and titers of 10 viruses, some known to be associated with V. destructor, in adult workers and pupae as well as mites. Samples were collected from both a mite-surviving and mite-susceptible honeybee population in Norway. Surviving colonies had a lower prevalence of a key virus (DWV-A) associated with V. destructor in individual adult bees sampled, and generally lower titers of this virus in mite infested pupae and mites within the colonies when compared to sympatric, susceptible controls. However, these surviving colonies also displayed higher prevalence and titers of two viruses not associated with V. destructor (BQCV & LSV1). The results of this study therefore suggest that general tolerance to virus infections is unlikely to be a key mechanism for natural colony survival in Norway, but evidence may point to mite control as a predominant mechanism.

Unique repertoire of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in individual human serum

Humoral immunity to pathogens and other environmental challenges is paramount to maintain normal health, and individuals lacking or unable to make antibodies are at risk. Recent studies indicate that many human protective antibodies are against carbohydrate antigens; however, little is known about repertoires and individual variation of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in healthy individuals. Here we analyzed anti-carbohydrate antibody repertoires (ACARs) of 105 healthy individual adult donors, aged 20–60+ from different ethnic backgrounds to explore variations in antibodies, as defined by binding to glycan microarrays and by affinity purification. Using microarrays that contained > 1,000 glycans, including antigens from animal cells and microbes, we profiled the IgG and IgM ACARs from all donors. Each donor expressed many ACAs, but had a relatively unique ACAR, which included unanticipated antibodies to carbohydrate antigens not well studied, such as chitin oligosaccharides, Forssman-related antigens, globo-type antigens, and bacterial glycans. We also saw some expected antibodies to ABO(H) blood group and α-Gal-type antigens, although these also varied among individuals. Analysis suggests differences in ACARs are associated with ethnicity and age. Thus, each individual ACAR is relatively unique, suggesting that individualized information could be useful in precision medicine for predicting and monitoring immune health and resistance to disease.

PREVALENCE OF TICK AND MANGE MITES’ INFESTATION IN GOATS IN BENATSEMAY DISTRICT OF SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA

Across sectional, study of tick was conducted to identify types of tick species and determine the Prevalence of tick and mange mites infestation in small ruminants in Benatsemayworeda, South Omozone, Southern Nation Nationality of Ethiopia. Collection and identification of the ticks and mange mites were undertaken from June 6----- /15/ 2019. The overall prevalence of tick and mange mites infestation in the study area was 172 (40.66%) All visible individual adult ticks were collected from the body of 172 goats. The prevalence of tickand mange mites infestation in goats was found to be (40.66%). In this study, one/ species of ticks, which grouped under one genus, was identified. The most abundant species found in this study were Rhipicephalus/pulchellus, eversi, simus, B(decoloratus) and psoroptics mites.

Experimental infection of native chicken with cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus is considered as one of the most widespread tick species of the world on several host including cattle. The current study has been conducted to evaluated infestation ability of larval R. annulatus on chicken growth and development, Indicated very few larvae quested or fed on indigenous adult chickens when comparison with the number of larvae which used in this study, and that the larval and nymph feeding period of these ticks was very long. The number of larvae feeding shows in hollows wings, while the number of feeding nymph investigate on head, wings and above of thigh, both larvae and nymph described on the same individual adult chicken, the engorged adult female not observed while the adult male notice on chickens. Designated the weight of feeding larvae and nymphs stage is 0.32±0.04 mg and nymph’s 2.73±1.22 mg. The weight of larvae and nymph stage under mattress and feeder’s chicken 0.27±0.21 and 2.52±1.75 mg respectively, shows not significantly when compared between the weight of feeding on chickens and the weight under mattress and feeder’s chicken by larvae and nymphs stage at (P < 0.05) values according chi-square. Experimental study shows not transmissions pathogens from incubating larvae, which got from engorged female infested with Babesia spp., to adult chickens when examined their blood by Giemsa stain.

How many larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma spp. ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) are needed to detect the presence of Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae)?

Tick-borne rickettsiosis is becoming a common emergent disease in many tropical countries, and the rapid detection of this disease could reduce the impact on wild life and public health. Pools of larvae and nymphs, and individual adult ticks are used for detection of Rickettsia species (Rickettsiaceae), but the number of larvae and nymphs in the pools likely affect the probability of detection of Rickettsia spp. We tested whether the number of larvae or nymphs of Amblyomma (Ixodidae) included in the pools affected the probability of detection. The number of larvae in each pool did not affect the probability of detecting Rickettsia spp., but the probability of detection increased rapidly with the number of nymphs. In this study, 20 nymphs are enough to approach a probability of 1 of detecting Rickettsia