scholarly journals Occurrence of Five Thrips Species on Flue-Cured Tobacco and Impact on Spotted Wilt Disease Incidence in Georgia

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 765-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. McPherson ◽  
H. R. Pappu ◽  
D. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Tobacco Production ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca

Thrips-vectored tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) infection is a major constraint on tobacco production in Georgia. Flue-cured tobacco fields were surveyed throughout the season from 1989 to 1991 and 1996 to 1998 to determine spotted wilt disease incidence and seasonal abundance and species composition of thrips populations. Five species were commonly found that accounted for more than 95% of the 17,000 thrips collected, including Frankliniella fusca, F. occidentalis, F. bispinosa, F. tritici, and Limothrips cerealium. F. fusca, F. occidentalis, and F. bispinosa are vectors of TSWV. F. fusca was the most common foliage thrips collected during all years, except 1989, when L. cerealium was the most abundant species. During 1989 to 1991, 22 to 68% of the foliage and flower thrips identified were TSWV vector species. The 1996 to 1998 foliage collections had much higher percentages of vector species (95 to 97%). The 1996 flower samples also had a very high percentage of vector species (94%); however, the percentages were much lower in 1997 (3%) and 1998 (32%). A trend toward higher incidence of TSWV occurred during the last three seasons studied, when thrips vector species were more abundant.

scholarly journals First Report on the Multiplication of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus in Tobacco Thrips, Frankliniella fusca

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1282-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Pappu ◽  
J. W. Todd ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
M. D. Bandla ◽  
J. L. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Individual Adult

In Georgia, tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) causes significant losses in peanut, tobacco, tomato, and pepper. Transmission of TSWV in Georgia primarily is by tobacco thrips (TT), Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and western flower thrips, F. occidentalis (Pergande), with TT being the predominant vector species in peanut (2). TSWV must be acquired at the larval stage for the adult to transmit the virus. Detection of NSs (a non-structural TSWV protein present only following virus replication) in thrips by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a reliable indicator that the virus had multiplied in the vector and thus the vector is competent to transmit TSWV. While this has been accomplished with F. occidentalis (1), information is lacking for F. fusca, the predominant vector in Georgia and other states in the Southeast. Thus, the nature of the TSWV-TT association was investigated and the proportion of transmitters in a field population determined in 1,436 individual adult TT collected from sticky cards positioned in selected peanut fields in south Georgia. Additionally, 650 larvae collected from volunteer peanut plants were reared to adults in the laboratory and the resulting 295 adult TT were individually evaluated by ELISA. Of those collected from the sticky cards, NSs was detected in 8% of the adult insects, indicating that the virus had multiplied in TT. NSs was not detected in control TT that had no access to the virus. Of the adult TT that emerged from larvae collected from volunteer peanuts, 6.1% were positive for NSs. Our study provides the first immunological evidence that TSWV multiplies in TT. References: (1) M. D. Bandla et al. Phytopathology 84:1427, 1994. (2) J. R. Chamberlin et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 86:40, 1993.

Monitoring Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Presence in Flue-Cured Tobacco Using Yellow Sticky Traps

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. McPherson ◽  
David C. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Period ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Yellow Sticky Traps

The thrips-borne tomato spotted wilt tospovirus is a serious economic threat to Georgia's flue-cured tobacco crop. Two thrips vectors, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) and F. occidentalis (Pergande), are commonly encountered on tobacco foliage and blooms, respectively. Yellow sticky traps were monitored after a 48-h field exposure from March through June in 2003–2005 to assess thrips movement and species composition in the tobacco farm scape. During March each year there were similar numbers of F. fusca and the flower thrips complex [F.occidentalis, F. tritici (Fitch) and F. bispinosa (Morgan), combined] captured on sticky cards. During April, May and June, the flower thrips complex steadily became more abundant comprising around 60, 70, and 95% of the trap capture, respectively. Thrips vector species were captured throughout the entire sampling period. In April and May, F. fusca captures on stick traps related to F. fusca population densities on tobacco foliage. Some sampling periods had differences in thrips captures relative to a north, south, east, or west orientation, with each direction having the highest thrips numbers at least once each season. However, the overall seasonal mean capture was higher on the eastward direction all 3 yrs and on the westward direction on 2 of the 3 yrs, compared to the southern and northern directions. In a time-of-day study, very few thrips were captured between 1830 h and 0,700 h the following morning. Thrips movement increased in midmorning and peaked during midafternoon. It appears that sticky cards can be used to monitor early colonization of thrips species in tobacco fields plus monitor thrips movement throughout the day, thus providing information on when potential vectors arrive and move within the field. Sticky trap monitoring provides an alternative to direct plant observation for predicting thrips abundance on tobacco foliage and the need for thrips controls.

Seasonal Abundance of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Suborders Terebrantia and Tubulifera) in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco and Impact of Management Practices on the Incidence of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. McPherson ◽  
R. J. Beshear ◽  
A. K. Culbreath
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Tobacco Plant ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Thrips Population

Flue-cured tobacco plant beds and fields were surveyed from 1989–91 to determine the seasonal abundance and species composition of thrips in Georgia. A total of 43 species were collected from tobacco foliage and blooms. Five species were commonly encountered all three years and accounted for over 95% of all thrips collected. These included Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), F. occidentalis (Pergande), F. tritici (Fitch), F. bispinosa (Morgan) and Limothrips cerealium (Haliday). Frankliniella fusca and F. occidentalis are known vectors of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a serious threat to Georgia's flue-cured tobacco production. Thrips population densities in plant beds rose steadily from the time covers were removed until all plants were pulled or mowed down. Field populations of thrips peaked on foliage just prior to the initiation of flowering and rapidly declined after flowering. Flower thrips were present as soon as flowers opened and peaked about one week later. Thrips population densities and the resultant incidence of TSWV were reduced with a combination of transplant treatment of either aldicarb or carbofuran and six weekly foliar sprays of acephate. Insecticide treatments applied only at transplanting were ineffective in reducing TSWV.

Seasonal Occurrence of Thrips (Thysanoptera) on Cowpeas in Western Arkansas and Northeast Oklahoma

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Sweeden ◽  
Paul J. McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Common Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Soybean Thrips

Three thrips species were commonly found in western Arkansas and northeast Oklahoma cowpea fields during the 1991 and 1992 growing seasons. These were the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), the flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), and the soybean thrips, Sericothrips variabilis (Beach). Earlier planted cowpea fields in each area had higher thrips numbers than later planted fields. Tobacco thrips numbers tended to be higher during the early stages of the crop when the plants were small. As plants began to produce blooms, flower thrips numbers increased considerably. Peak flower thrips numbers typically occurred around two weeks after first bloom. Soybean thrips abundance was generally lower than the other common species and had no apparent pattern. Chirothrips crassus Hinds and Chirothrips spiniceps Hood also were found, but were uncommon.

Winter and Early-Spring Survey of Thrips Vectors and Host Plants of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus in and near a Flue-Cured Tobacco Farmscape

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. McPherson ◽  
R. J. Beshear ◽  
W. C. Johnson ◽  
N. Martinez-Ochoa ◽  
M. L. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Plant Hosts ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Wilt Virus

The tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), is an economic pest of flue-cured tobacco because it vectors tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. Other species of thrips are also vectors of spotted wilt in tobacco, including the western flower thrips, F. occidentalis (Pergande). This study examined the presence of thrips species on alternate plant hosts associated with the tobacco farmscape and surrounding area. Weed hosts were sampled from December through April from 1998 through 2001 to assess which plants provide suitable refuge and nutrients for thrips survival, reproduction, and spotted wilt infection. Thrips were identified to species and confirmed as potential vectors of spotted wilt by using ELISA to test for the presence of a non-structural tomato spotted wilt virus protein. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.), and narrowleaf vetch (Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.) are common late-winter weeds in the farmscape that harbor spotted wilt vectors. Cutleaf evening primrose, Oenethera laciniata Hill, and volunteer soybean, Glycine max(L.) Merrill, also were hosts of spotted wilt vectors in the tobacco farmscape. Numerous other weed hosts were present in the tobacco farmscape but either had no thrips collected from them or thrips were not confirmed as potential spotted wilt vectors from these host plants. Several other plants near the tobacco farmscape also were infected with spotted wilt, and three of these host plants, common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) had confirmed vectors (ELISA) collected from them. Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.), wild radish, cutleaf evening primrose, narrowleaf vetch, carrot, curly dock (Rumex crispus L.), red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), and common chickweed were confirmed as positive plant hosts in this study for spotted wilt using ELISA. Frankliniella fusca appears to be the most abundant thrips vector on these alternate plant hosts and is the predominate thrips species collected on the flue-cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. However, F. occidentalis, Haplothrips graminis Hood, and Chirothrips spp. also were confirmed in this study to be potential vectors in the tobacco farmscape. Weed hosts in the farmscape appear to be influential as refuge and nutrients for vectors and an innoculant source of tomato spotted wilt virus in the flue-cured tobacco farmscape.

scholarly journals The Role of Weed Hosts and Tobacco Thrips, Frankliniella fusca, in the Epidemiology of Tomato spotted wilt virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Groves ◽  
J. F. Walgenbach ◽  
J. W. Moyer ◽  
G. G. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Sonchus Asper ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Wilt Virus

Wild plant species were systematically sampled to characterize reproduction of thrips, the vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and natural sources TSWV infection. Thrips populations were monitored on 28 common perennial, biennial, and annual plant species over two noncrop seasons at six field locations across North Carolina. Sonchus asper, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum officianale consistently supported the largest populations of immature TSWV vector species. The tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, was the most abundant TSWV vector species collected, comprising over 95% of vector species in each survey season. Perennial plant species (i.e., Plantago rugelii and Taraxacum officianale) were often only locally abundant, and many annual species (Cerastium vulgatum, Sonchus asper, and Stellaria media) were more widely distributed. Perennial species, including P. rugelii and Rumex crispus, remained TSWV infected for 2 years in a small-plot field test. Where these perennial species are locally abundant, they may serve as important and long-lasting TSWV inoculum sources. In random surveys across 12 locations in North Carolina, TSWV infection was documented by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 35 of 72 (49%) common perennial (N = 10), biennial (N = 4), and annual (N = 21) plant species across 18 plant families. Estimated rates of TSWV infection were highest in Cerastium vulgatum (4.2%), Lactuca scariola (1.3%), Molluga verticillata (4.3%), Plantago rugelii (3.4%), Ranunculus sardous (3.6%), Sonchus asper (5.1%), Stellaria media (1.4%), and Taraxacum officianale (5.8%). Nine plant species were determined to be new host recordings for TSWV infection, including Cardamine hirsuta, Eupatorium capillifolium, Geranium carolinianum, Gnaphalium purpureum, Linaria canadense, Molluga verticillata, Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Triodanis perfoliata. Our findings document the relative potential of a number of common annual, biennial, and perennial plant species to act as important reproductive sites for F. fusca and as acquisition sources of TSWV for spread to susceptible crops.

scholarly journals Effect of Plastic Mulch Color and Insecticides on Thrips Populations and Damage to Tomato

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve L. Brown ◽  
James E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Black Plastic

In each of 3 years, the average number of thrips in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Mountain Pride) blooms was greater on tomatoes grown on white plastic mulch than on tomatoes grown on black plastic mulch, aluminum plastic mulch, or bare ground. Early season differences, however, diminished with time as plants grew and shaded a larger portion of plastic mulch. Weekly applications of 12 insecticide treatments failed to reduce thrips populations below that found in the control. No significant differences were found among treatments in the quantity, quality, or earliness of tomato yields. Incidence of tomato spotted wilt (vectored by some thrips species) was too low to detect statistical differences or determine the importance of thrips population in disease epidemiology. Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) was the most common species found, followed by eastern flower thrips (F. tritici) and tobacco thrips (F. fusca). Thrips control, in the absence of tomato spotted wilt, is not justified for the thrips populations encountered in this study.

Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species, Their Occurrence and Seasonal Abundance on Developing Buds and Flowers of Florida Citrus

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl C. Childers ◽  
Ramona J. Beshear ◽  
Jeffrey R. Brushwein ◽  
Harold A. Denmark
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Florida Citrus

Citrus groves in Florida were sampled during 1986 - 1990 to determine the distribution and abundance of the thrips species complex infesting closed buds and open flowers of citrus. Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) was the dominant species accounting for 92% of collected specimens from Dade to Volusia Counties. Frankliniella kelliae Sakimura was the second most abundant species comprising 7% of specimens collected. This species was not found north of a line between Manatee and Martin Counties. Low populations of 11 other thrips species were found. They appear to have no potential as pests of citrus flower buds or bloom. They included the phytophagous species: F. cephalica (Crawford), F. tritici (Fitch), F. insularis (Franklin), F. williamsi Hood, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan), Pseudothrips inequalis (Beach) and Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin). Predaceous thrips collected included: Scolothrips pallidus (Beach), Aeolothrips vittipennis Hood, Karnyothrips merrilli (Watson) and Leptothrips mali (Fitch).

Impact of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Management Practices on Suppression of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus and Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Control in Flue-Cured Tobacco

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. McPherson ◽  
David C. Jones ◽  
Paul F. Bertrand ◽  
Alex S. Csinos
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Plant Activator ◽  
Wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) has become a major economic problem for tobacco growers in Georgia. Several species of thrips have been reported as vectors of TSWV. Three of these species, commonly observed on tobacco in Georgia, include Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), F. occidentalis (Pergande), and F. bispinosa (Morgan). This study examined the effectiveness of several thrips management practices on controlling thrips populations and suppressing the incidence of TSWV. Replicated field plots were used to evaluate aldicarb, acephate, imidacloprid, acibenzolar-S-methyl, spinosad, thiamethoxan alone and in combination, applied as pre-plant incorporated, tray drench, transplant water or foliar treatments. The insecticides imidacloprid (Admire® 2F or Provado® 1.6F) and thiamethoxan (Platinum 2® SC), applied in the transplant water or as a tray drench, were effective in reducing the early-season thrips populations and reducing the seasonal cumulative incidence of TSWV. These two products also were effective in reducing the seasonal mean population of tobacco aphids, Myzus nicotianae. The plant activator, acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard®), was effective in suppressing TSWV symptoms, but had no effect on thrips and minor impact on aphid population densities. The combination of acibenzolar-S-methyl with either imidacloprid or thiamethoxan provided better suppression of TSWV than any of the products alone. Acephate in the transplant water plus four early-season foliar sprays also was effective in reducing thrips numbers and TSWV incidence. Aldicarb and spinosad were not effective for thrips control or TSWV suppression. Acephate and aldicarb were effective in reducing aphid populations, but spinosad was not. Frankliniella fusca was the predominate thrips species at all test sites, ranging from 90 to 98% of the thrips complex. From 1.9 to 4.6% of the thrips collected were confirmed vectors of TSWV, based on ELISA test results. Imidacloprid, thiamethoxan, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and acephate provide thrips management options that can reduce the tobacco production losses associated with TSWV.

scholarly journals Influence of Thrips on Bronzing of Strawberry Fruit

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1343-1345
Author(s):  
Bethzayda Matos ◽  
John J. Obrycki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Thrips are presumed to be the major cause of bronzed strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne) fruit in the Midwestern United States. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify thrips species present in Iowa strawberry fields and 2) determine the relationship between the numbers of thrips collected from flowers and fruit and the percentage of mature fruit exhibiting bronzing damage. Thrips were collected from flowers and fruit for three growing seasons at three sites in central Iowa. Approximately 82% of these thrips were eastern flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae); the remaining 18% were primarily Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Mean number of adult and immature thrips per flower or fruit ranged from 0 to 7 in 2000, from 0 to 22 in 2001, and 0 to 16 in 2002. In 2001 and 2002, the incidence of thrips on both flowers and fruit was common; the mean number of thrips on flowers was 2 to 16 times greater than on fruit. However, in both years <1% of damage to fruit was attributed to thrips. Based on our results, we conclude that thrips infestations do not necessarily cause bronzed fruit in Iowa strawberry fields.

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