scholarly journals Quantification, Persistence, and Status of Dodine Resistance in New York and Michigan Orchard Populations of Venturia inaequalis

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Köller ◽  
W. F. Wilcox ◽  
A. L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Type Population ◽  
Baseline Levels

Isolates of Venturia inaequalis were sampled from apple orchards during 1990 to 1996 and isolate sensitivities to dodine were determined by testing the relative growth (RG) of mycelial colonies at a discriminatory dose of 0.2 μg ml-1. Sensitivities were not significantly different for a wild-type population and several populations sampled from orchards never or rarely treated with dodine, and respective data were combined to provide a reference for baseline populations. The baseline sensitivity was compared with sensitivities determined for four orchards with evidence for practical dodine resistance. At these sites, increases of phenotype frequencies were most pronounced for isolates with RG values >90; they had increased from a baseline level of 0.9 to >30% and, therefore, were rated dodine-resistant. For two orchards with confirmed cases of previous dodine resistance, frequencies of resistant isolates had declined to 11 and 14% after dodine use was discontinued for 13 and 4 years, respectively. Sensitivities had not returned to baseline levels, and indirect evidence suggested that practical dodine resistance could recur rapidly in response to resumed dodine usage. Monitoring of commercial orchards in New York and Michigan revealed that dodine sensitivities were not uniform throughout regions where dodine resistance was widespread in the late 1970s. Sensitivities ranged from baseline to dodine-resistant and appeared to reflect the dodine use history at particular sites. Because the history of dodine use is not always known to growers, applications of dodine remain risky when accurate historical records are not available.

Resistance to Dodine in Populations of Venturia inaequalis in Quebec, Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Carisse ◽  
Tristan Jobin
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Type Population ◽  
Two Populations

Dodine was introduced in the USA and Canada in the early 1960s for the control of apple scab. Following control failure, growers stopped using dodine in the mid-1970s. Despite the curtailment of dodine use more than 30 years ago, persistent resistance to the fungicide was suspected in V. inaequalis populations. The dodine sensitivity was determined for two populations that were not exposed to dodine for at least 30 years – a wild type population (25 monoconidial isolates) and a population constructed with isolates collected in orchards managed for apple scab (156 isolates). The sensitivity to dodine was determined by monitoring growth of these isolates on agar Petri dishes amended with 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 μg/ml of dodine. Sensitivity to fungicide was evaluated based on ED50 values. Both populations showed a lognormal distribution of ED50 values. The ED50 means were 0.525 μg/ml and 1.735 μg/ml for the wild type and managed orchards populations, respectively. In managed orchard, 31.4% of the isolates were resistant to dodine (ED50 > 1.0 μg/ml). Cross-resistance with myclobutanil and with kresoxim-methyl was tested and found not to be significant. The results of this study suggest that resistance to dodine is still present in the populations of V. inaequalis from Quebec and that reintroduction of dodine should only be done along with an appropriate resistance management strategy. Accepted for publication 27 April 2010. Published 14 June 2010.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Populations of Botrytis cinerea from Pear-Related Sources to Benzimidazole and Dicarboximide Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Lennox ◽  
Robert A. Spotts
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Benzimidazole Fungicides ◽  
Postharvest Application ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Type Population ◽  
High Level

Botrytis cinerea is responsible for a major portion of postharvest decay in winter pears in the Pacific Northwest. The baseline sensitivity levels (mean EC50 values) of a wild-type B. cinerea population to thiabendazole and iprodione were 6.66 and 0.56 mg/liter, respectively. B. cinerea from commercial orchards not treated with a benzimidazole had significantly lower incidence of resistance (0.59%) to a discriminatory concentration of thiabendazole at 10 mg/liter than did isolates from orchards in which benomyl had been applied for experimental purposes (16.0%), unsprayed control trees in benomyl-sprayed orchards (5.34%), and isolates from packinghouses where thiabendazole was applied as a prestorage drench or packingline spray (3.23%). The mean EC50 value of isolates in the wild-type population was lower than those of resistant isolates from all other sources. High-level thiabendazole resistance (EC50 > 100 mg/liter) was found in 0.20% of isolates from unsprayed commercial orchards, 9.33% of isolates from benomyl-sprayed orchards, and 2.67% of isolates from unsprayed control trees in these benomyl-sprayed orchards. In isolates from packinghouses where a thiabendazole line spray was applied, 1.52% had high-level thiabendazole resistance. All isolates from all pear-related sources tested were sensitive to iprodione at 10 mg/liter. This study provides evidence supporting current recommendations of a single postharvest application of a benzimidazole to control decay caused by B. cinerea, and no application of benzimidazole fungicides in the orchard.

scholarly journals Sensitivity to Azoxystrobin Among Isolates of Uncinula necator: Baseline Distribution and Relationship to Myclobutanil Sensitivity

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis P. Wong ◽  
Wayne F. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Uncinula Necator ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Distribution ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Two hundred fifty-six single-conidial chain isolates of Uncinula necator were assayed for their sensitivity to azoxystrobin and myclobutanil. These isolates were collected from two sites in New York in 1999: an “organic” vineyard where no synthetic fungicides have been used (baseline population) and a commercial vineyard having a history of compromised powdery mildew control with myclobutanil (demethylation inhibitor [DMI]-resistant population). Mean coefficients of variance for a leaf disk assay used to test fungicide sensitivities were 31% for azoxystrobin and 41% for myclobutanil. Baseline ED50 values ranged from 0.0037 to 0.028 μg/ml (mean 0.0097μg/ml) for azoxystrobin and from 0.0049 to 0.69 μg/ml (mean 0.075 μg/ml) for myclobutanil. A shift in the mean ED50 value for azoxystrobin to 0.018 μg/ml was observed in the DMI-resistant population; with the strongest shift observed for isolates collected from vines treated exclusively with myclobutanil (0.024 μg/ml). For the 256 tested isolates, there was a moderate, but statistically significant, correlation between azoxystrobin and myclobutanil sensitivities (R2 = 0.36, P < 0.001). Tests with three other strobilurin fungicides (kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin) indicate clear differences in the intrinsic activity of these compounds against U. necator, and the applicability of the methods developed with azoxystrobin for assays with pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin. Isolates from the high and low ends of the azoxystrobin sensitivity distribution (15× difference in mean ED50 values) were equally controlled in planta by protectant or postinfection treatment with azoxystrobin at 250 μg a.i./ml, but postinfection application at lower rates (2.5 and 25 μg a.i./ml) resulted in a 41 and 44% decrease, respectively, in the control of the low-sensitivity isolates versus high-sensitivity isolates. The results of this study document the baseline sensitivity distribution of U. necator to azoxystrobin, provide evidence of partial cross-sensitivity between azoxystrobin and myclobutanil, and illustrate the potential selection for individuals with reduced sensitivity (quantitative range) to azoxystrobin by postinfection application and reduced rates of this fungicide.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Venturia inaequalis Populations to Anilinopyrimidine Fungicides and Their Contribution to Scab Management in New York

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Köller ◽  
W. F. Wilcox ◽  
D. M. Parker
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Modest Contribution ◽  
Scab Control ◽  
The Mean

Sensitivities of Venturia inaequalis isolates to the anilinopyrimidine fungicides (APs) pyrimethanil and cyprodinil were determined for nine populations by measuring the growth of colonies formed from germinating conidia derived from single scab lesions. At the discriminatory pyrimethanil dose of 0.2 μg ml-1, the mean relative growth range measured for eight V. inaequalis populations (n = 39 to 74) never treated with AP fungicides varied from 18.1 to 48.2, translating into an approximately sixfold difference in mean baseline sensitivities. For the composite of all 469 isolates tested, sensitivities to pyrimethanil and to the sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) myclobutanil were significantly correlated. When isolates were organized into subpopulations based on their sensitivities to an individual fungicide, sensitivities to both fungicides declined in parallel through the highly and moderately sensitive spectra of subpopulations, but they diverged for isolates in subpopulations least sensitive to either fungicide. The result suggested that at least one of the multiple genes conferring DMI resistance also lowered the sensitivity to AP fungicides. The relative contribution of AP fungicides to scab management was evaluated at an experimental orchard representative of the Great Lakes region of the United States. Frequencies of DMI-resistant isolates of V. inaequalis had progressed to the stage of practical resistance at the site, and the sensitivity to pyrimethanil was similar to several commercial orchard populations never treated with APs. For management programs at the experimental site involving the AP fungicides cyprodinil and pyrimethanil and conducted from 1996 to 2000, the level of fruit and terminal leaf scab control was inferior to that of nonspecific protectants such as mancozeb or captan. For the control of scab on cluster leaves, the efficacy of AP fungicides equaled the performance of nonspecific protectants. This modest contribution of AP fungicides to scab management might have been caused by a lack of the extended cool temperature conditions that were conducive to AP performance in northern Europe in previous studies, and/or by the reduced sensitivity to AP fungicides in this DMI-resistant V. inaequalis population.

Messy, Energetic, Intense: A Roundtable Conversation among New York's Asian American Experimental Filmmakers of the Eighties with Roddy Bogawa, Daryl Chin, Shu Lea Cheang, and Rea Tajiri

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-78
Author(s):  
Vince Schleitwiler ◽  
Abby Sun ◽  
Rea Tajiri
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Asian American ◽  
York City ◽  
American Film ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
History Of

This roundtable grew out of conversations between filmmaker Rea Tajiri, programmer Abby Sun, and scholar Vince Schleitwiler about a misunderstood chapter in the history of Asian American film and media: New York City in the eighties, a vibrant capital of Asian American filmmaking with a distinctively experimental edge. To tell this story, Rea Tajiri contacted her artist contemporaries Shu Lea Cheang and Roddy Bogawa as well as writer and critic Daryl Chin. Daryl had been a fixture in New York City art circles since the sixties, his presence central to Asian American film from the beginning. The scope of this discussion extends loosely from the mid-seventies through the late nineties, with Tajiri, Abby Sun, and Vince Schleitwiler initiating topics, compiling responses, and finalizing its form as a collage-style conversation.

The Modernities of H. Lawrence Freeman

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-779
Author(s):  
David Gutkin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Black Press ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
White Press ◽  
Grand Opera

H. Lawrence Freeman's “Negro Jazz Grand Opera,” Voodoo, was premiered in 1928 in Manhattan's Broadway district. Its reception bespoke competing, racially charged values that underpinned the idea of the “modern” in the 1920s. The white press critiqued the opera for its allegedly anxiety-ridden indebtedness to nineteenth-century European conventions, while the black press hailed it as the pathbreaking work of a “pioneer composer.” Taking the reception history of Voodoo as a starting point, this article shows how Freeman's lifelong project, the creation of what he would call “Negro Grand Opera,” mediated between disparate and sometimes apparently irreconcilable figurations of the modern that spanned the late nineteenth century through the interwar years: Wagnerism, uplift ideology, primitivism, and popular music (including, but not limited to, jazz). I focus on Freeman's inheritance of a worldview that could be called progressivist, evolutionist, or, to borrow a term from Wilson Moses, civilizationist. I then trace the complex relationship between this mode of imagining modernity and subsequent versions of modernism that Freeman engaged with during the first decades of the twentieth century. Through readings of Freeman's aesthetic manifestos and his stylistically syncretic musical corpus I show how ideas about race inflected the process by which the qualitatively modern slips out of joint with temporal modernity. The most substantial musical analysis examines leitmotivic transformations that play out across Freeman's jazz opera American Romance (1924–29): lions become subways; Mississippi becomes New York; and jazz, like modernity itself, keeps metamorphosing. A concluding section considers a broader set of questions concerning the historiography of modernism and modernity.

Beérkezett könyvek

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-770
Author(s):  
Csaba Pléh
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
New Science ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Oxford University Press

Danziger, Kurt: Marking the mind. A history of memory . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008Farkas, Katalin: The subject’s point of view. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008MosoninéFriedJudités TolnaiMárton(szerk.): Tudomány és politika. Typotex, Budapest, 2008Iacobini, Marco: Mirroring people. The new science of how we connect with others. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2008Changeux, Jean-Pierre. Du vrai, du beau, du bien.Une nouvelle approche neuronale. Odile Jacob, PárizsGazzaniga_n

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