scholarly journals First Report of Shoot Blight of Grapevine Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Chile

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1122-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Latorre ◽  
M. J. Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
American Phytopathological Society ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Sterile Needle ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
White Mycelium

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), cv. Red Globe, in Northern Chile was found with symptoms of shoot blight early in the spring. Symptoms consisted of elongated cankered lesions surrounded by water-soaked tissues that developed mainly at the base of new shoots. The distal part of the shoots withered. Symptoms were similar to the shoot blight caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. early in the spring, except that superficial gray sporulation was always absent. Isolation on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) consistently yielded a fungus that produced white mycelium and black spherical to elongated sclerotia (2 to 10 mm in diameter); the fungus was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (2). New shoots were inoculated by inserting a 4-mm plug of mycelium from actively growing cultures on APDA into a cut made at the base of each of five shoots per cultivar with a sterile scalpel. Inoculated wounds were sealed with Parafilm tape to avoid rapid dehydration. Inoculated plants and an equal number of wounded but not inoculated plants of each cultivar were left as controls and maintained in a screenhouse. Inoculations of grapevine cvs. Thompson Seedless, Flame Seedless, Red Globe, Ribier, and Chardonnay with S. sclerotiorum isolates SC-1, SC-2, and SC-3 and B. cinerea (isolate BC1-3 from grapevine) resulted after 7 days of incubation in canker lesions that were similar to those observed in the field. Cankers caused by S. sclerotiorum varied significantly (P < 0.05) in length from 13.3 to 28.7 mm on ‘Red Globe’, 5.3 to 20.7 mm on ‘Thompson Seedless’, 4.0 to 17.7 mm on ‘Flame Seedless’, 2.0 to 11.3 mm on ‘Ribier’, and 0.0 to 7.6 mm on ‘Chardonnay’. Mature berries of ‘Flame Seedless’ table grapes were surface-disinfected with 1% NaOCl for 1 min, punctured with a sterile needle, and inoculated with a mycelium plug. All S. sclerotiorum isolates and the B. cinerea isolate were pathogenic on mature berries, which developed a soft rot and superficial mycelium after 5 days of incubation at 25°C in humid chambers. Reisolations from diseased shoots and rotten berries were successfully performed on APDA. We concluded that S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea could cause canker lesions on new shoots early in the spring. S. sclerotiorum has been previously associated with soft rotting of mature berries of grapes worldwide (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report demonstrating that S. sclerotiorum can cause shoot blight. Considering that grapevines are cultivated on 2-m-high trellises in Chile, we speculate that wind disseminated ascospores may infect shoots. However, ascocarps have not yet been found in vineyards in Chile. References: (1) W. B. Hewitt. Berry rots and raisin molds. Pages 26–28 in: Compendium of Grape Diseases. R. C. Pearson and A. C. Goheen, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1994. (2) L. Kohn. Phytopathology 69:881, 1979.

scholarly journals First Report of Sclerotinia Stem Rot and Watery Soft Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Sand Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 1241-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Garibaldi ◽  
A. Minuto ◽  
M. L. Gullino
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
First Report ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Stem Necrosis ◽  
White Mycelium

Several species of Diplotaxis (D. tenuifolia, D. erucoides, and D. muralis), known as wild or sand rocket, are widely cultivated in Italy. Rocket is used in Mediterranean cuisine as salad, a component of packaged salad products, and as a garnish for food. In winter 2003, a severe disease was observed on D. tenuifolia grown in unheated glasshouses on commercial farms near Albenga in northern Italy. Initial symptoms included stem necrosis at the soil level and darkening of leaves. As stem necrosis progressed, infected plants wilted and died. Wilt, characterized by the presence of soft and watery tissues, occurred within a few days on young plants. The disease was extremely severe in the presence of high relative humidity and mild temperature (15°C). Necrotic tissues became covered with white mycelium that produced dark sclerotia. Diseased stem tissue was disinfested for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 ppm streptomycin sulfate. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (1) was consistently recovered from infected stem pieces. Sclerotia observed on infected plants measured 1.23 to 3.00 × 1.40 to 5.38 mm (average 2.10 × 2.85 mm). Sclerotia produced on PDA measured 1.00 to 4.28 × 1.00 to 6.01 mm (average 2.38 × 3.23 mm). Pathogenicity of three isolates obtained from infected plants was confirmed by inoculating 30-day-old plants of D. tenuifolia grown in 18-cm-diameter pots in a glasshouse. Inoculum, 2 g per pot of wheat kernels infested with mycelium and sclerotia of each isolate, was placed on the soil surface around the base of each plant. Three replicates of five pots each were used per isolate. Noninoculated plants served as controls. The inoculation trial was repeated once. All plants were kept at temperatures ranging between 10 and 26°C (average 15°C) with an average relative humidity of 80% and were watered as needed. Inoculated plants developed symptoms of leaf yellowing within 12 days, soon followed by the appearance of white mycelium and sclerotia, and eventually wilted. Control plants remained symptomless. S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection of D. tenuifolia by S. sclerotiorum in Italy as well as worldwide. The disease currently has been observed in the Liguria Region but not yet in other areas where sand rocket is cultivated. The economic importance of this disease for the crop can be considered medium at the moment, but is expected to increase in the future. Reference: (1) N. F. Buchwald. Den. Kgl. Veterin.er-og Landbohojskoles Aarsskrift, 75, 1949.

scholarly journals Severe Outbreaks of Bunch Rots Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger on Table Grapes in Chile

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 815-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Latorre ◽  
S. C. Viertel ◽  
I. Spadaro
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Hypodermic Syringe ◽  
Black Mold

Severe outbreaks of bunch rots (BR) have occurred recently during harvest of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in Chile. Previously, BR was almost exclusively associated with Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (2,3); however, in 2000 to 2002, BR symptoms were associated with black molds and possibly nonfilamentous yeasts and bacteria. Cvs. Thompson Seedless, Flame Seedless, Ruby Seedless, and Red Globe were severely affected. Symptoms start at the pedicels as soft, watery rots that partially or completely decay infected berries. Longitudinal cracks are produced, a black mold usually develops along the crack fissures, and the skin of the berry turns light gray. Isolations on potato dextrose agar acidified with 1 N lactic acid (APDA) at 0.5 ml/liter, consistently yielded Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Vuillemin and Aspergillus niger Tiegh. R. stolonifer on APDA produced a white-to-gray aerial and nonseptate mycelium, black and globose sporangia with an elliptical collumela, one-celled, globose to oval, striated, almost hyaline sporangiospores, rhizoids, and stolons. A. niger produced septate mycelium. Single-celled, black, rough walled, globose conidia developed on short chains on the second phialides at the tip of globose, upright conidiophores. Mature (soluble solids >16%) detached berries of cv. Thompson Seedless were inoculated with sporangiospores (≈107 spores per ml) of R. stolonifer isolates RS6, RS52, RS73, and RS79 and conidia (≈108 conidia per ml) of A. niger isolates AN12, AN69, and AN75. When berries were aseptically punctured with a sterile hypodermic syringe prior to inoculation, 60 to 86.7% and 42.5 to 100% of berries were infected with R. stolonifer and A. niger, respectively, and both developed BR symptoms (significantly different from control berries) after 48 h in humid chambers at 23°C. Injuries were needed for infection since no infection or only 23.3% of noninjured berries were infected with R. stolonifer and A. niger, respectively. For both pathogens, there was a significant (P < 0.043) interaction between isolates and the presence or absence of injuries. Both pathogens were successfully reisolated on APDA. Fungicide sensitivity tests were performed on detached cv. Thompson Seedless berries challenged by placing an ≈6 μl-drop of inoculum suspension (106 or 107 spores per ml of R. stolonifer isolate RS52 and A. niger isolate AN12, respectively) on injured berries. Pyraclostrobin (0.067 mg/ml) mixed with nicobifen at 0.134 mg/ml (BAS 516 01 F at 0.201 mg a.i./ml, BASF) and copper oxide at 1.2 mg/ml (Cuprodul 60 WP, Quimetal Chile) significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited infection (100% control) by R. stolonifer and A. niger. R. stolonifer was completely controlled by dicloran at 1.88 mg/ml (Botran 75 WP) and partially controlled by captan at 1.6 mg/ml (Captan 80 WP), but A. niger was not controlled by either fungicide. To our knowledge this is the first report of R. stolonifer causing BR of table grape in Chile (4). The severe outbreaks may be associated with warm weather conditions during harvest and injuries caused by birds, insects, or cultural practices. Infection caused by R. stolonifer or A. niger may be followed by sour rot organisms (yeasts or bacteria), as has been suggested elsewhere (1,2). References: (1) E. Gravot et al. Phytoma 543:36, 2001. (2) W. B. Hewitt Page 26 in: Compendium of Grape Diseases, American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1994. (3) B. A. Latorre and G. Vásquez. Aconex (Chile) 52:16, 1996. (4) F. Mujica and C. Vergara. Flora Fungosa Chilena. Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Agronomiacute;a, Santiago, Chile, 1980.

scholarly journals First Report of Blossom Blight Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Japanese Plum, Nectarine, and Sweet Cherry Orchards in Chile

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Ferrada ◽  
G. A. Díaz ◽  
J. P. Zoffoli ◽  
B. A. Latorre
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
First Report ◽  
Japanese Plum ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Shoot Blight

Blossom blight of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina), nectarine (P. persica var. nectarina), and sweet cherry (P. avium) was observed in commercial orchards in central Chile in 2012. Disease prevalence of 8% and 1% were estimated in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Early symptoms appeared as small pale-brown necrotic lesions on the petals that eventually affected the entire flowers. White and cottony fungal colonies were consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar acidified with 0.5 ml/liter of 92% lactic acid (APDA), incubated for 5 days at 20°C. Black spherical to elongated sclerotia of 2.5 to 4.2 × 2.8 to 5.3 mm (n = 60) were formed on APDA. This fungus was tentatively identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. The identity of the fungus was confirmed by BLAST analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (GenBank Accession Nos. KF148604 to KF148609) of rDNA, amplified with PCR primers ITS1/ITS4 (3), demonstrating a 99 to 100% similarity with the reference S. sclerotiorum strains (EU082466 and JX307092). The pathogenicity was studied in detached flowers of ‘Larry Ann’ Japanese plum, ‘Summer Bright’ nectarine, and ‘Bing’ sweet cherry that were inoculated with a mycelial suspension (106 fragments/ml) of six isolates of S. sclerotiorum and incubated for 5 days at 20°C in humid chambers (>80% relative humidity). Inoculated flowers developed a light brown petal necrosis that eventually comprised the entire flower. The same S. sclerotiorum isolates were inoculated in mature fruits of ‘Larry Ann’ Japanese plum, ‘Summer Bright’ nectarine, and ‘Staccato’ sweet cherry. Surface disinfected (1% NaOCl for 1 min) fruits were inoculated by placing a mycelium plug (4 mm in diameter) into a wound made with a sterile scalpel and incubated for 3 days at 20°C in humid chambers. Symptoms consisted on light brown soft lesions that varied from 8.7 to 46.5 mm in diameter. A superficial white and cottony septated mycelium was also obtained. An equal number of non-inoculated flowers and wounded but non-inoculated fruits remained healthy. S. sclerotiorum was re-isolated from 100% of the artificially inoculated flowers and fruits, completing Koch's postulates. S. sclerotiorum was reported causing shoot blight on apricot (P. armeniaca), lemon tree (Citrus limon), and table grapes (Vitis vinifera) in Chile (1,2), and to our knowledge, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum associated with blossom blight in Japanese plum, nectarine, and sweet cherry in Chile. References: (1) R. Acuña. Compendio de Bacterias y Hongos de Frutales y Vides en Chile. Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Santiago, Chile, 2010. (2) B. A. Latorre and M. J. Guerrero. Plant Dis. 85:1122, 2001. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

scholarly journals Botrytis prunorum Associated to Vitis vinifera Blossom Blight in Chile

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 2324-2329
Author(s):  
Marcela Esterio ◽  
Claudio Osorio-Navarro ◽  
Claudia Carreras ◽  
Madelaine Azócar ◽  
Charleen Copier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
White Mycelium ◽  
Multilocus Approach ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Table grapes are highly susceptible to Botrytis cinerea infections during the bloom period. After reaching the flower development stage, B. cinerea remains quiescent until berry ripening or gives rise to blossom blight under specific climate conditions. A research study was conducted on the Chilean Central Valley during the 2018–2019 growing season. Flowers of Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless were collected and B. cinerea was isolated together to a second and morphologically different species, characterized by white mycelium and low to no sporulation (11.4% of total isolates). Three randomly selected isolates within this population were genetically examined and identified as Botrytis prunorum based on a phylogenetic multilocus approach using partial regions of genes RPB2, HSP60, and G3PDH or NEP1 and NEP2. Pathogenicity tests showed that B. prunorum infects and causes wilting in healthy table grape flowers. B. prunorum isolates were able to infect Thompson Seedless berries, inducing lesions between 13.11 and 41.53% with respect to the lesion diameter generated by B. cinerea B05.10. The fungicide sensitivity was evaluated. The three genetically characterized isolates were sensitive to boscalid and to cyprodinil/fludioxonil mixture with a mean EC50 value of 5.5 µg/ml and 0.065 µg/ml, respectively. However, loss of sensitivity to fenhexamid was determined, with a mean EC50 value of 5.13 µg/ml. Our understanding about blossom blight in V. vinifera has been limited to B. cinerea. Here we associated B. prunorum as a second causal agent of this disease in Chile. This data represents a first approach to the epidemiological characteristics of B. prunorum associated with blossom blight in table grapes.

scholarly journals First Report of Soft Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Borage in North Dakota

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
L. E. del Río ◽  
C. D. Chesrown ◽  
B. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Borago Officinalis ◽  
First Report ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
White Mycelium ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Del Rio

Borage (Borago officinalis) is an oilseed crop that is being evaluated as an alternative crop in North Dakota. During September 2004, borage plants in a field in Cass County, North Dakota were dying from a watery soft rot. The main stems and lateral branches were affected, and affected plants were usually completely lodged and prostrate. Dead plants had bleached and shredded stems with black sclerotia (9.1 ± 3.0 × 2.6 ± 0.5 mm) inside the pith and on the epidermis. At the time of observation, borage plants were flowering and forming pods and seed. Approximately 60% of the plants were visually affected by the watery soft rot. Sclerotia were collected from diseased plants, soaked in a 0.5% NaOCL solution for 30 s, air dried, and placed in petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). A fungus grew from the plated sclerotia that subsequently produced white mycelium and black sclerotia (4.8 ± 1.2 × 2.5 ± 1.0 mm), which is characteristic of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (3). To confirm pathogenicity, borage plants were inoculated in the greenhouse with a S. sclerotiorum isolate from field-infected borage. Thirteen borage plants were grown from seed in the greenhouse under natural sunlight at a temperature range of 24 ± 3°C. When plants were at the four-leaf stage (approximately 16 cm high), the second leaf was excised from each plant with the petiole remaining on the plant. The leafless petioles were inoculated using a method previously described (2). Petioles of 10 plants were inoculated with PDA containing mycelium of the S. sclerotiorum borage isolate, while petioles of five plants were inoculated with PDA to serve as a control. Three days after inoculation, plants inoculated with the S. sclerotiorum borage isolate were beginning to wilt and 5 days after inoculation, these plants were completely wilted and prostrate, similar to observations made on field-infected plants. Sclerotia collected from the diseased, inoculated plants were placed on PDA, and S. sclerotiorum was successfully recovered. Control plants inoculated with PDA did not show any disease symptoms. Other plant genera in the Boraginaceae are known hosts of S. sclerotiorum (1); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of borage as a host. References: (1) G. J. Boland and R. Hall, Can. J. Plant Pathol. 16:93, 1994. (2) L. E. del Río et al. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 90(suppl.):S176, 2000. (3) D. L. Tourneau, Phytopathology 69:887, 1979.

A transcriptional study of the effects of nitric oxide on rachis browning in table grapes cv. Thompson Seedless

2021 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 111471
Author(s):  
Zhonghong Wu ◽  
Chenghu Dong ◽  
Jia Wei ◽  
Limin Guo ◽  
Yina Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Table Grapes

scholarly journals Preharvest Fungicide, Potassium Sorbate, or Chitosan Use on Quality and Storage Decay of Table Grapes

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Feliziani ◽  
J. L. Smilanick ◽  
D. A. Margosan ◽  
M. F. Mansour ◽  
G. Romanazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Mold ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Natural Incidence

Potassium sorbate, a program of four fungicides, or one of three chitosan formulations were applied to clusters of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grape berries at berry set, pre-bunch closure, veraison, and 2 or 3 weeks before harvest. After storage at 2°C for 6 weeks, the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold was reduced by potassium sorbate, the fungicide program, or both together in a tank mixture, in 2009 and 2010. In 2011, the experiment was repeated with three chitosan products (OII-YS, Chito Plant, and Armour-Zen) added. Chitosan or fungicide treatments significantly reduced the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold among grape berries. Berries harvested from vines treated by two of the chitosan treatments or the fungicide program had fewer infections after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea conidia. None harmed berry quality and all increased endochitinase activity. Chitosan decreased berry hydrogen peroxide content. One of the chitosan formulations increased quercetin, myricetin, and resveratrol content of the berry skin. In another experiment, ‘Princess Seedless’ grape treated with one of several fungicides before 4 or 6 weeks of cold storage had less decay than the control. Fenhexamid was markedly superior to the other fungicides for control of both the incidence and spread of gray mold during storage.

scholarly journals Brassinosteroids improve quality of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. flame seedless

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 368 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A. Harindra Champa ◽  
M.I.S. Gill ◽  
B.V.C. Mahajan ◽  
N.K. Aror ◽  
Seema Bedi
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Table Grapes
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