scholarly journals Population Diversity within Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apples in Three Orchards in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 1335-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia González ◽  
Turner B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Lincoln County ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot

The population diversity within isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples was studied in an orchard of cv. Granny Smith located in Wilkes County, NC, and one orchard each of cultivars Granny Smith and Gala located in Lincoln County, NC. Morphological characters and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were used to determine diversity within the species. The relative frequencies of the morphological types found within each species in each orchard were also determined. G. cingulata was the predominant species associated with bitter rot in the three orchards and Glomerella leaf spot in the Gala orchard. In the three orchards, different morphological types were observed within isolates of G. cingulata and Colletotrichum acutatum, but not within isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides were not found in the orchard of cv. Granny Smith in Lincoln County. In the other two orchards, C. gloeosporioides represented the lowest proportion of the population. Three VCGs were found among isolates of G. cingulata (VCG-1, 2, and 6), two among isolates of C. gloeosporioides (VCG-9 and 10), and two among isolates of C. acutatum (VCG-15 and 16). VCGs 2, 6, 9, 10, 15, and 16 were found in the Granny Smith orchard in Wilkes County, VCGs 1, 2, and 6 in the Gala orchard in Lincoln County, and VCGs 2 and 6 in the Granny Smith orchard in Lincoln County. Differences in frequencies among the different morphological types found within the three orchards remained relatively similar throughout the season and from year to year, suggesting that the relative frequencies of G. cingulata, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum remain stable in an orchard once the fungi are established.

Differentiation of Isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. Associated with Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apples Using Growth Rate, Response to Temperature, and Benomyl Sensitivity

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia González ◽  
Turner B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Glomerella Cingulata ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot ◽  
Response To Temperature

Cultural characteristics were investigated as a way to distinguish isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples from those that cause only bitter rot. The growth rate, response to temperature, and benomyl sensitivity of 27 isolates of Glomerella cingulata, 12 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and 7 isolates of C. acutatum, collected from apple orchards located in the U.S. and Brazil and previously characterized based on morphology, vegetative compatibility, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes, were determined. These isolates represent the genetic and molecular diversity within isolates of C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, and G. cingulata from apples found in a previous study. Slower growth, lower optimum growth temperature, and less sensitivity to benomyl distinguished isolates of C. acutatum from isolates of G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides. However, growth rate and benomyl sensitivity were not useful for distinguishing between G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides or differentiating isolates of G. cingulata that cause leaf spot and bitter rot from those that only cause bitter rot. Accepted for publication 17 May 2005. Published 19 July 2005.

scholarly journals Colletotrichum acutatum complex isolated from apple flowers can cause bitter rot and Glomerella leaf spot

Bragantia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Akemi Hamada ◽  
Rafaele Regina Moreira ◽  
Josiane Aparecida Gomes Figueiredo ◽  
Louise Larissa May De Mio
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot

scholarly journals Glomerella leaf spot in apple: validation of proposed diagrammatic scale and efficiency of fungicides

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1502-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lígia Sayko Kowata ◽  
Michele Strapasson ◽  
Márcio Alberto Challiol ◽  
Louise Larissa May-De Mio
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Severity Assessment ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot ◽  
Fruit Harvest ◽  
Diagrammatic Scale

A diagrammatic scale to assess Glomerella leaf spot severity (Colletotrichum spp) was developed and validated during the tryout of a fungicide efficiency experiment in the field. Apple leaves were collected for determination of minimum and maximum severity limits; intermediate levels were obtained according to "Weber-Fechner's stimulus-response law". Scale validation was performed by four raters, which estimated the severity in 100 leaves; with and without the use of the scale. An experiment was carried out in a commercial orchard in randomized blocks with 10 plants. The treatments and dosages (g 100 L-1 of water) used were: cyprodinil (15); pyrimethanil (30, 37.5, 45); propineb (140) e mancozeb (160) + tebuconazole (12.50), and a control (no spray). The incidence and severity in leaves; number of fruits, weight and incidence in fruit (harvest) and defoliation (after harvest) were evaluated. The proposed scale showed the levels of 0.08; 0.28; 0.99; 3.45; 11.23 and 30.93%. The scale was adequate for severity assessment; R2 changed from 0.68 to 0.96 with the use of the scale. Pyrimethanil treatments did not control the disease. The incidence on fruit was 30 and on leaves 63%. The incidence was reduced in 35.6% (propineb) and 33.7% (mancozeb + tebuconazole) related to the control, these treatments were efficient to control the disease. The defoliation was 44 % in the control against 9.6 and 2.5% to propineb and mancozeb + tebuconazole.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Copper Nanoparticles for the Control of Leaf Spot and Anthracnose Diseases of Olive

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1667
Author(s):  
Panagiota Ntasiou ◽  
Alexandra Kaldeli Kerou ◽  
Theodora Karamanidou ◽  
Afrodite Vlachou ◽  
George T. Tziros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Type 3

Olive crop is frequently treated with copper fungicides to combat foliar and fruit diseases such as olive leaf spot caused by Fusicladium oleagineum and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. The replacement of copper-based products with more eco-friendly alternatives is a priority. Metal nanoparticles synthesized in several ways have recently revolutionized crop protection with applications against important crop pathogens. In this study, we present the development of four copper-based nanoparticles (CuNP Type 1 to 4) synthesized with a wet chemistry approach. The CuNPs were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Laser Doppler Electrophoresis, and Attenuated Total Reflection measurements. In addition, the activity of the four CuNP types was tested in vitro and in planta against F. oleagineum and Colletotrichum spp. In vitro sensitivity measurements showed that for both pathogens, mycelial growth was the most susceptible developmental stage to the tested compounds. Against both pathogens, CuNP Type 1 and Type 2 were found to be more active in reducing mycelial growth compared to the reference commercial compounds of copper oxide and copper hydroxide. In planta experiments showed that CuNP Type 3 and CuNP Type 4 exhibited a strong protectant activity against both F. oleagineum and Colletotrichum acutatum with control efficacy values significantly higher than those achieved by the applications of either reference product.

scholarly journals Genetic Structure of Colletotrichum fructicola Associated to Apple Bitter Rot and Glomerella Leaf Spot in Southern Brazil and Uruguay

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 774-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias F. Rockenbach ◽  
Aline C. Velho ◽  
Amanda E. Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro E. Mondino ◽  
Sandra M. Alaniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Fructicola ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot ◽  
Apple Bitter Rot

Colletotrichum fructicola is the main species causing apple bitter rot (ABR) and Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) in southern Brazil, and ABR in Uruguay where GLS remains unnoticed. Thus, this work aimed to determine the genetic structure of C. fructicola isolates of both the countries. A total of 28 out of 31 Brazilian isolates (90.3%) caused typical symptoms of GLS, while only 6 of 25 Uruguayan isolates (24.0%) originating from fruits were able to infect leaves, but causing atypical symptoms. Both populations showed similar levels of Nei’s gene diversity (h = 0.088 and 0.079, for Brazilian and Uruguayan populations, respectively), and Bayesian cluster analysis inferred two genetic clusters correlated with the geographical origin of isolates. A principal coordinates analysis scatter plot and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean-based dendrogram also grouped Brazilian and Uruguayan isolates into two groups. By pairwise comparison of nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants with a proposed set of testers, all Uruguayan isolates were grouped into a unique vegetative compatibility group (namely VCG 1), while Brazilian isolates were grouped into four VCGs (VCG 1 to 4). Brazilian and Uruguayan populations of C. fructicola were found to be genetically distinct. Our results suggest that isolates of C. fructicola from Brazil capable of causing GLS and ABR arose independently of those from Uruguay. Possible causes leading to the evolutionary differences between populations are discussed.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals significant differences in gene expression between pathogens of apple Glomerella leaf spot and apple bitter rot

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowen Jiang ◽  
Ting Cai ◽  
Xiaoying Yang ◽  
Yuya Dai ◽  
Kaixuan Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Differential Expression Genes ◽  
Penetration Ability ◽  
Host Cell Wall ◽  
The Common ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot ◽  
Apple Bitter Rot

Abstract Background: Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and apple bitter rot (ABR) are two devastating foliar and fruit diseases on apple. The different symptoms of GLS and ABR could be related to different transcriptome patterns. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the transcriptome profiles of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the common pathogen of GLS and ABR, and to evaluate the genes involvement on pathogenicity.Results: A relatively large difference was discovered between the GLS- and ABR-isolate, and quite a number of differential expression genes associated with pathogenicity were revealed. The DEGs between the GLS- and ABR-isolate were significantly enriched in GO terms of secondary metabolites, however the categories of degradation of various cell wall components did not. A number of genes associate with secondary metabolism were revealed. A total of 17 Cytochrome P450s (CYP), 11 of which were up-regulated while six were down-regulated, and five up-regulated methyltransferase genes were discovered. The genes associated with secretion of extracellular enzymes and melanin accumulation were up-regulated. Four genes associated with degradation of host cell wall, three genes involved in degradation of cellulose, and one gene involved in degradation of xylan were revealed and all up-regulated. In addition, genes involved in melanin synthesis, such as tyrosinase and glucosyltransferase, were highly up-regulated.Conclusions: The penetration ability, pathogenicity of GLS-isolate was greater than that ABR-isolate, which might be indicate that GLS-isolate originated from ABR-isolates by mutation. These results contributed to highlight the importance to investigate such DEGs between GLS- and ABR-isolate in depth.

Study of infection process of five species of Colletotrichum comparing symptoms of glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot in two apple cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Rafaele Regina Moreira ◽  
Erica Camila Zielinski ◽  
Camilla Castellar ◽  
Armando Bergamin Filho ◽  
Louise Larissa May De Mio
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot

scholarly journals Clarification of the Etiology of Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apple Caused by Colletotrichum spp. Based on Morphology and Genetic, Molecular, and Pathogenicity Tests

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 982-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia González ◽  
Turner B. Sutton ◽  
James C. Correll
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot

Morphological characteristics and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of 486 isolates of Glomerella cingulata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum collected from apple leaves with Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) symptoms and fruit with bitter rot symptoms in the United States and Brazil were studied. From this collection, 155 isolates of G. cingulata (93 from fruit, 61 from leaves, and 1 from buds), 42 isolates of C. gloeosporioides from fruit, and 14 isolates of C. acutatum (10 from fruit and 4 from leaves) were studied using mitochondrial (mt)DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) haplotypes. A subset of 24 isolates was studied by examining the sequence of a 200-bp intron of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GDPH) nuclear gene. In addition, 98 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on leaves of cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious in the greenhouse, and 24 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on fruit of cv. Gala in growth chambers. In total, 238 and 225 isolates of G. cingulata were separated into four distinct morphological types and six VCGs, respectively. Five morphological types and six VCGs were identified among 74 and 36 isolates of C. gloeosporioides, respectively. Three morphological types and four VCGs were identified among 74 and 23 isolates of C. acutatum, respectively. Seven different mtDNA RFLP haplotypes were observed within isolates of G. cingulata, two within isolates of C. gloeosporioides, and two within isolates of C. acutatum. Phylogenetic trees, inferred based on maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods using the intron sequence, produced similar topologies. Each species was separated into distinct groups. All isolates tested were pathogenic on fruit, though only isolates with specific VCGs and haplotypes were pathogenic to leaves. Vegetative compatibility was a better tool than molecular characters for distinguishing isolates of G. cingulata pathogenic on both leaves and fruit from the ones pathogenic only on fruit. Isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot were included in haplotypes and groups based on the sequence analysis of the 200-bp intron that also included isolates capable of causing bitter rot only. Additionally, isolates of G. cingulata from the United States and Brazil which cause GLS were included in different haplotypes and sequence analysis groups. Therefore, one hypothesis is that isolates of G. cingulata from the United States capable of causing both GLS on foliage and bitter rot on fruit may have arisen independently of Brazilian isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot, and the two groups of isolates may represent distinct populations.

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