Differentiation of Isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. Associated with Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apples Using Growth Rate, Response to Temperature, and Benomyl Sensitivity

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia González ◽  
Turner B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Glomerella Cingulata ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot ◽  
Response To Temperature

Cultural characteristics were investigated as a way to distinguish isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples from those that cause only bitter rot. The growth rate, response to temperature, and benomyl sensitivity of 27 isolates of Glomerella cingulata, 12 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and 7 isolates of C. acutatum, collected from apple orchards located in the U.S. and Brazil and previously characterized based on morphology, vegetative compatibility, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes, were determined. These isolates represent the genetic and molecular diversity within isolates of C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, and G. cingulata from apples found in a previous study. Slower growth, lower optimum growth temperature, and less sensitivity to benomyl distinguished isolates of C. acutatum from isolates of G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides. However, growth rate and benomyl sensitivity were not useful for distinguishing between G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides or differentiating isolates of G. cingulata that cause leaf spot and bitter rot from those that only cause bitter rot. Accepted for publication 17 May 2005. Published 19 July 2005.

scholarly journals Population Diversity within Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apples in Three Orchards in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 1335-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia González ◽  
Turner B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Lincoln County ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot

The population diversity within isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples was studied in an orchard of cv. Granny Smith located in Wilkes County, NC, and one orchard each of cultivars Granny Smith and Gala located in Lincoln County, NC. Morphological characters and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were used to determine diversity within the species. The relative frequencies of the morphological types found within each species in each orchard were also determined. G. cingulata was the predominant species associated with bitter rot in the three orchards and Glomerella leaf spot in the Gala orchard. In the three orchards, different morphological types were observed within isolates of G. cingulata and Colletotrichum acutatum, but not within isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides were not found in the orchard of cv. Granny Smith in Lincoln County. In the other two orchards, C. gloeosporioides represented the lowest proportion of the population. Three VCGs were found among isolates of G. cingulata (VCG-1, 2, and 6), two among isolates of C. gloeosporioides (VCG-9 and 10), and two among isolates of C. acutatum (VCG-15 and 16). VCGs 2, 6, 9, 10, 15, and 16 were found in the Granny Smith orchard in Wilkes County, VCGs 1, 2, and 6 in the Gala orchard in Lincoln County, and VCGs 2 and 6 in the Granny Smith orchard in Lincoln County. Differences in frequencies among the different morphological types found within the three orchards remained relatively similar throughout the season and from year to year, suggesting that the relative frequencies of G. cingulata, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum remain stable in an orchard once the fungi are established.

scholarly journals Caracterização da agressividade de isolados de Colletotrichum de maracujá amarelo com marcadores bioquímico, fisiológico e molecular

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos C. Almeida ◽  
Rildo S.B. Coêlho
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Glomerella Cingulata ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp

A antracnose é a doença pós-colheita mais importante do maracujá amarelo, cujo agente etiológico, no Brasil, foi identificado como Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Visando caracterizar o patógeno, foram obtidos 33 isolados de três regiões produtoras do estado de Pernambuco. Critérios morfológicos como cor de colônia, forma e dimensão de conídios, a produção de peritécio e o uso de primers específicos para C. acutatum, C. gloeosporioides e "Colletotrichum de Passiflora" permitiram identificar Glomerella cingulata patótipo 1, G. cingulata patótipo 2, Colletotrichum sp. de Passiflora e Colletotrichum sp. de maracujá amarelo. Inoculações em maracujá amarelo possibilitaram separar os isolados em dois grupos, um de agressividade alta (GA-1) e outro de agressividade baixa (GA-2). Os marcadores bioquímicos como atividade enzimática amilolítica, celulolítica, lipolítica e proteolítica assim como o marcador fisiológico crescimento micelial não separaram os isolados pela agressividade. O padrão de marcas geradas pela amplificação dos DNAs dos isolados usando primers RAPD evidenciou que os isolados do GA-1 variaram menos geneticamente entre si do que os isolados do GA-2, demonstrando que os do GA-1 evoluíram mais recentemente. A amplificação do DNA dos isolados com o primer OPA-9 gerou um marcador que possibilitou caracterizar 85,7% dos isolados do GA-1 e também alguns isolados do GA-2 com agressividade próxima às dos isolados do GA-1, e por isto o primer OPA-9 pode ser usado para caracterizar isolados de Colletotrichum spp. de alta agressividade em programa de resistência genética.

scholarly journals Glomerella leaf spot in apple: validation of proposed diagrammatic scale and efficiency of fungicides

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1502-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lígia Sayko Kowata ◽  
Michele Strapasson ◽  
Márcio Alberto Challiol ◽  
Louise Larissa May-De Mio
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Severity Assessment ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot ◽  
Fruit Harvest ◽  
Diagrammatic Scale

A diagrammatic scale to assess Glomerella leaf spot severity (Colletotrichum spp) was developed and validated during the tryout of a fungicide efficiency experiment in the field. Apple leaves were collected for determination of minimum and maximum severity limits; intermediate levels were obtained according to "Weber-Fechner's stimulus-response law". Scale validation was performed by four raters, which estimated the severity in 100 leaves; with and without the use of the scale. An experiment was carried out in a commercial orchard in randomized blocks with 10 plants. The treatments and dosages (g 100 L-1 of water) used were: cyprodinil (15); pyrimethanil (30, 37.5, 45); propineb (140) e mancozeb (160) + tebuconazole (12.50), and a control (no spray). The incidence and severity in leaves; number of fruits, weight and incidence in fruit (harvest) and defoliation (after harvest) were evaluated. The proposed scale showed the levels of 0.08; 0.28; 0.99; 3.45; 11.23 and 30.93%. The scale was adequate for severity assessment; R2 changed from 0.68 to 0.96 with the use of the scale. Pyrimethanil treatments did not control the disease. The incidence on fruit was 30 and on leaves 63%. The incidence was reduced in 35.6% (propineb) and 33.7% (mancozeb + tebuconazole) related to the control, these treatments were efficient to control the disease. The defoliation was 44 % in the control against 9.6 and 2.5% to propineb and mancozeb + tebuconazole.

scholarly journals First Report of Glomerella Leaf Spot (Glomerella cingulata) of Apple in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1074-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. González ◽  
T. B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Glomerella Cingulata ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot ◽  
Microscope Slides ◽  
Mycelial Suspension ◽  
Severe Leaf

In August 1998, severe leaf spot, resulting in extensive defoliation, was observed on cv. Gala apple trees in two orchards in eastern Tennessee. Symptoms were similar to those reported in Brazil for Glomerella leaf spot on Gala (1), and Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk was observed fruiting in lesions. Single-ascospore isolates were obtained by placing individual perithecia from different lesions on microscope slides in a drop of sterilized distilled water. Perithecia were crushed, and the spore and mycelial suspension was distributed on the surface of petri dishes containing acid-water agar (AWA). Petri dishes were incubated at 24°C in light for 24 h. Germinated ascospores were transferred to petri dishes containing AWA. Cultures were transferred to potato dextrose agar and grown at 24°C in light for 14 days to induce sporulation. Four isolates (TN-1A, TN-1B, TN-2A, and TN-2B) were selected for pathogenicity tests. Three virulent isolates from Brazil (FK6, R-11, and 2VGE) also were included. Trees of apple cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious were placed in humidity chambers before inoculation. After 24 h, shoots on three trees of each cultivar were sprayed with an aqueous spore suspension of each isolate (1× 105 spores per ml) and maintained at 100% relative humidity (RH) and ≈22°C for 2 days. Shoots on three trees sprayed with sterilized distilled water and maintained at 100% RH served as a control. All isolates from Brazil and isolates TN-1A and TN-1B caused symptoms characteristic of Glomerella leaf spot on both cultivars after 2 days. Five days after inoculation disease severity on each leaf was visually rated on a scale of 0 to 5 (where 0 = no lesions and 5 = 25 to 50% of leaf surface covered with lesions). FK6 and R-11 were the most aggressive isolates on both cultivars. 2VGE and TN-1B were the least aggressive isolates. Reference: (1) T. B. Sutton and R.M. Sanhueza. Plant Dis. 82:267, 1998.

scholarly journals Genetic Structure of Colletotrichum fructicola Associated to Apple Bitter Rot and Glomerella Leaf Spot in Southern Brazil and Uruguay

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 774-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias F. Rockenbach ◽  
Aline C. Velho ◽  
Amanda E. Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro E. Mondino ◽  
Sandra M. Alaniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Fructicola ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot ◽  
Apple Bitter Rot

Colletotrichum fructicola is the main species causing apple bitter rot (ABR) and Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) in southern Brazil, and ABR in Uruguay where GLS remains unnoticed. Thus, this work aimed to determine the genetic structure of C. fructicola isolates of both the countries. A total of 28 out of 31 Brazilian isolates (90.3%) caused typical symptoms of GLS, while only 6 of 25 Uruguayan isolates (24.0%) originating from fruits were able to infect leaves, but causing atypical symptoms. Both populations showed similar levels of Nei’s gene diversity (h = 0.088 and 0.079, for Brazilian and Uruguayan populations, respectively), and Bayesian cluster analysis inferred two genetic clusters correlated with the geographical origin of isolates. A principal coordinates analysis scatter plot and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean-based dendrogram also grouped Brazilian and Uruguayan isolates into two groups. By pairwise comparison of nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants with a proposed set of testers, all Uruguayan isolates were grouped into a unique vegetative compatibility group (namely VCG 1), while Brazilian isolates were grouped into four VCGs (VCG 1 to 4). Brazilian and Uruguayan populations of C. fructicola were found to be genetically distinct. Our results suggest that isolates of C. fructicola from Brazil capable of causing GLS and ABR arose independently of those from Uruguay. Possible causes leading to the evolutionary differences between populations are discussed.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals significant differences in gene expression between pathogens of apple Glomerella leaf spot and apple bitter rot

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowen Jiang ◽  
Ting Cai ◽  
Xiaoying Yang ◽  
Yuya Dai ◽  
Kaixuan Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Differential Expression Genes ◽  
Penetration Ability ◽  
Host Cell Wall ◽  
The Common ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot ◽  
Apple Bitter Rot

Abstract Background: Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and apple bitter rot (ABR) are two devastating foliar and fruit diseases on apple. The different symptoms of GLS and ABR could be related to different transcriptome patterns. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the transcriptome profiles of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the common pathogen of GLS and ABR, and to evaluate the genes involvement on pathogenicity.Results: A relatively large difference was discovered between the GLS- and ABR-isolate, and quite a number of differential expression genes associated with pathogenicity were revealed. The DEGs between the GLS- and ABR-isolate were significantly enriched in GO terms of secondary metabolites, however the categories of degradation of various cell wall components did not. A number of genes associate with secondary metabolism were revealed. A total of 17 Cytochrome P450s (CYP), 11 of which were up-regulated while six were down-regulated, and five up-regulated methyltransferase genes were discovered. The genes associated with secretion of extracellular enzymes and melanin accumulation were up-regulated. Four genes associated with degradation of host cell wall, three genes involved in degradation of cellulose, and one gene involved in degradation of xylan were revealed and all up-regulated. In addition, genes involved in melanin synthesis, such as tyrosinase and glucosyltransferase, were highly up-regulated.Conclusions: The penetration ability, pathogenicity of GLS-isolate was greater than that ABR-isolate, which might be indicate that GLS-isolate originated from ABR-isolates by mutation. These results contributed to highlight the importance to investigate such DEGs between GLS- and ABR-isolate in depth.

scholarly journals First Report of Glomerella cingulata Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot on Pear in Hebei, China

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 553
Author(s):  
X. L. Du ◽  
T. L. Hu ◽  
Y. J. Liu ◽  
Y. N. Wang ◽  
S. T. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Glomerella Cingulata ◽  
First Report ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot

Study of infection process of five species of Colletotrichum comparing symptoms of glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot in two apple cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Rafaele Regina Moreira ◽  
Erica Camila Zielinski ◽  
Camilla Castellar ◽  
Armando Bergamin Filho ◽  
Louise Larissa May De Mio
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot

scholarly journals Clarification of the Etiology of Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apple Caused by Colletotrichum spp. Based on Morphology and Genetic, Molecular, and Pathogenicity Tests

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 982-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia González ◽  
Turner B. Sutton ◽  
James C. Correll
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot

Morphological characteristics and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of 486 isolates of Glomerella cingulata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum collected from apple leaves with Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) symptoms and fruit with bitter rot symptoms in the United States and Brazil were studied. From this collection, 155 isolates of G. cingulata (93 from fruit, 61 from leaves, and 1 from buds), 42 isolates of C. gloeosporioides from fruit, and 14 isolates of C. acutatum (10 from fruit and 4 from leaves) were studied using mitochondrial (mt)DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) haplotypes. A subset of 24 isolates was studied by examining the sequence of a 200-bp intron of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GDPH) nuclear gene. In addition, 98 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on leaves of cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious in the greenhouse, and 24 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on fruit of cv. Gala in growth chambers. In total, 238 and 225 isolates of G. cingulata were separated into four distinct morphological types and six VCGs, respectively. Five morphological types and six VCGs were identified among 74 and 36 isolates of C. gloeosporioides, respectively. Three morphological types and four VCGs were identified among 74 and 23 isolates of C. acutatum, respectively. Seven different mtDNA RFLP haplotypes were observed within isolates of G. cingulata, two within isolates of C. gloeosporioides, and two within isolates of C. acutatum. Phylogenetic trees, inferred based on maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods using the intron sequence, produced similar topologies. Each species was separated into distinct groups. All isolates tested were pathogenic on fruit, though only isolates with specific VCGs and haplotypes were pathogenic to leaves. Vegetative compatibility was a better tool than molecular characters for distinguishing isolates of G. cingulata pathogenic on both leaves and fruit from the ones pathogenic only on fruit. Isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot were included in haplotypes and groups based on the sequence analysis of the 200-bp intron that also included isolates capable of causing bitter rot only. Additionally, isolates of G. cingulata from the United States and Brazil which cause GLS were included in different haplotypes and sequence analysis groups. Therefore, one hypothesis is that isolates of G. cingulata from the United States capable of causing both GLS on foliage and bitter rot on fruit may have arisen independently of Brazilian isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot, and the two groups of isolates may represent distinct populations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document