Small scale fungicide delivery equipment to manage early blight in three types of tomato

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Barlow ◽  
Emily Pfeufer
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cherry Tomatoes

Management of early blight, one of the most common diseases of tomato, can be challenging for small- and large-scale growers alike, and robust disease resistance is not present in most commonly grown varieties. Comparisons of fungicide application equipment for early blight management have been completed for large-scale growers; however, comparisons have not been conducted of equipment suitable for small-scale plantings. In three trials, small-scale fungicide sprayer options (hand-pumped backpack, gasoline-powered mister-blower, and compressed CO2 backpack sprayer) were compared for effectiveness against early blight in determinate, indeterminate round-fruited, and indeterminate grape/cherry tomatoes. Results suggest that applying fungicides with a compressed CO2 sprayer most consistently managed early blight compared to other sprayer options tested in determinate tomatoes. Statistically significant differences in early blight severity by sprayer were not apparent for indeterminate cherry/tomato types, and were variable for indeterminate round-fruited types. Determinate varieties consistently had the highest early blight severity among the three types of tomato evaluated. These results are influential to small-scale and beginning growers balancing the cost of fungicide application equipment with the type of tomato being grown.

scholarly journals Environmental and economic potential of rice husk use in An Giang province, Vietnam

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211
Author(s):  
Thi Mai Thao Pham
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
The Cost

To evaluate CO2 emission mitigation potential and cost effectiveness of rice husk utilization, Life Cycle Analysis was conducted for 9 scenarios. The results showed that, gasification is the most efficient CO2 mitigation. From cost analysis, the cost mitigation can be achieved by replacing the current fossil fuels in cooking scenarios. Among the power generation scenarios, it was found that 30MW combustion and 5MW gasification power generations were the most economically-efficient scenarios. The briquette combustion power generation appeared less cost-competitive than direct combustion, whilst the large-scale gasification scenarios and the pyrolysis scenarios give the increase in cost from the baseline. From the viewpoints of both CO2 and cost, it was indicated that the win-win scenarios can be the rice husk use for cooking, for large-scale combustion power generation, and for small-scale gasification. Để đánh giá tiềm năng giảm thiểu phát thải CO2 và hiệu quả chi phí của việc sử dụng trấu, phương pháp đánh giá vòng đời sản phẩm đã được thực hiện cho 9 kịch bản. Kết quả cho thấy, khí hóa trấu để sản xuất điện có tiềm năng giảm phát sinh khí CO2 nhiều nhất. Kết quả phân tích chi phí cho thấy việc giảm thiểu chi phí có thể đạt được khi thay thế sử dụng nhiên liệu hóa thạch trong kịch bản dùng trấu cho nấu ăn. Giữa các kịch bản về sản xuất điện, hiệu quả kinh tế cao nhất trong trường hợp đốt trực tiếp trấu để sản xuất điện ở quy mô công xuất lớn (30MW) và khí hóa ở quy mô trung bình (5MW). Trường hợp dùng củi trấu không mang lại hiệu quả kinh tế so với dùng trực tiếp trấu để phát điện. Hai trường hợp dùng trấu để sản xuất dầu sinh học và khí hóa gas công suất lớn (30MW) cho thấy chi phí tăng cao so với điều kiện biên. Kịch bản cho kết quả khả thi về hiệu quả kinh tế và giảm phát thải CO2 là dùng trấu để nấu ăn, đốt trực tiếp để phát điện công suất lớn và khí hóa công suất trung bình.

scholarly journals Effect of the scale of production on the cost-effectiveness of milk production systems belonging to the “Balde Cheio” program

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1211
Author(s):  
Flávio De Moraes ◽  
Marcos Aurélio Lopes ◽  
Francisval De Melo Carvalho ◽  
Afonso Aurélio de Carvalho Peres ◽  
Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Return On Capital ◽  
The Cost

This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of 20 demonstration units (DUs) belonging to the "Balde Cheio" program. The units in question are from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, dating from January to December 2011, and are sorted according to the scale of production (small, medium and large). The data were analyzed using Predictive Analytical software (PASW) 18.0. The scale of production influenced the total cost of milk production, and therefore profitability and cost-effectiveness. The large-scale stratum showed the lowest total unit cost. The positive results in medium and large scales in milk production lead to optimal conditions for long-term production, with the capitalization of cowmen. The items regarding the effective operating cost (EOC) with the biggest influence on the costs of dairy activity in the small scale stratum were food, energy and miscellaneous expenses. In the medium scale, these were food, labor force, and miscellaneous expenses. Finally, in the large scale, they were food, labor force and energy. In the small and large scale, the items regarding the total cost with the biggest influence on the costs of dairy activity were food, labor force, and return on capital, while in the medium scale, they were food, return on capital, and labor force. The average break-even point of 14 of the DUs was higher than the average daily production.

scholarly journals Improving drainage conditions of forest roads using the GIS and forest road simulator

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 361-367
Author(s):  
Mehran Nasiri
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Geometric Design ◽  
New Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Hydrological Conditions ◽  
Large Scale Study ◽  
The Cost

In this study a new method of locating culverts is presented with the composition of achieved discharge from hydrological analysis and simulated forest roads in RoadEng 3D simulator to improve drainage condition. Locating culverts was performed on a small scale (1:20 000, using GIS) and large scale (1:2 000, road geometric design simulator). The small-scale study regarding the achieved discharge from streams shows that the installation of some culverts is not necessary. The large-scale study also showed that the geometric design of forest road has a significant effect on locating culverts and its accuracy. To improve drainage conditions 6 culverts and 2 waterfronts taking into account the geometric design of forest road, hydrological conditions and appropriate intervals (155 m) have been proposed. No installation or lack of accuracy to find the best location of culverts may result in the occurrence of creep and landslide, so the cost of destruction would be several times higher than the cost of technical buildings construction.

scholarly journals Botrytis grey mould of chickpea: a review of biology, epidemiology, and disease management

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pande ◽  
J. Galloway ◽  
P. M. Gaur ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
H. S. Tripathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Fungicide Application

Botrytis grey mould (BGM), caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., is an economically important disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), especially in areas where cool, cloudy, and humid weather persists. Several epidemics of BGM causing complete crop loss in the major chickpea-producing countries have been reported. The pathogen B. cinerea mainly survives between seasons on infected crop debris and seeds. Despite extensive investigations on pathological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of B. cinerea causing grey mould type diseases on chickpea and several other hosts, the nature of infection processes and genetic basis of pathogen variability have not been clearly established. This lack of information coupled with the need for repeated application of chemical fungicides forced the deployment of host plant resistance (HPR) as a major option for BGM management. Effective and repeatable controlled-environment and field-screening techniques have been developed for identification of HPR. Of the selected portion of chickpea germplasm evaluated for BGM resistance, only few accessions belonging to both cultivated and wild Cicer spp. were tolerant to BGM, and the search for higher levels of disease resistance continues. Fungicide application based on disease predictive models is helpful in precision-based fungicide application. Integrated disease management (IDM) of BGM has proved more effective than any of the individual disease management components in large-scale, on-farm studies conducted in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Further information on the biology of B. cinerea and epidemiology of the disease is needed to strengthen the IDM programs. In this paper the biology of B. cinerea including its variability, epidemiology of BGM, identified sources of resistance, and other management options, and available information on biochemical and genetic basis of disease resistance have been reviewed with a mention of future research priorities.

scholarly journals Analisis Manajemen Keuangan pada Usaha Peternakan Kemitraan Ayam Broiler Skala Rakyat

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Taufan Daniarta Sukarno
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Operating Cash Flows ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
Operating Cash Flow ◽  
Plasma Core ◽  
The Cost

Poultry sectors contributed 2,51% of GDRP in the Central Java Province, where Semarangcontributed 1.135.487 kg of Broilers chicken in 2016. Plasma-core partnership is one of the most used business cooperation types amongst the poultry farmers. Classification in poultry business scale divides into 3 classes, which were: Small Scale (≤5.000 heads), Medium Scale (5.001-10.000 heads) and Large Scale (>10.000 head). The purpose of this study is to estimate the operating cashflows and revenue. The benefit of this study is to detect the profits and anticipate losses in poultry farming. This study used Survey methods, location arrangement used purposive sampling and data collected by interviews with the owners. Data analysis used revenue and operating cash flow computation. The results of this study show the net revenue of this poultry farm is IDR.171.488.834, while the operating cash flows are IDR.170.286.117,65. The cost of chicken seedlings purchase and its feed is the most expensive amongst all subjects. Clustering results shows that this poultry was categorized as Small scale poultry, where it’s population is only 4.000 chickens, but are profitable and worthy to expand, and makes it one of the most longest-living poultry farms in the region

scholarly journals Design and Production of Portable Bar Bender

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.34) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Mariyappan K ◽  
Karthick N ◽  
Aasik Ahamed.N ◽  
Gopinath S ◽  
Pradeep. S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Construction ◽  
Cost Price ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Design And Production

During this generation many projects and inventions are invented to reduce the man power, time, and difficulties of the work. But still some small types of works are only based on the man power because of the cost price of invention and difficult of handling of inventions. This designed and fabricated hydraulic bar bending equipment is used for bending rods, strips, angles, and bars. During some period a type of hydraulic rod bending machines only used on large scale and industrial works. In our type we simplified the design suitably for small scale construction based rod bending works.  

scholarly journals An Innovative Approach to the Development of Project Management Processes for Small-Scale Projects in a Large Engineering Company

2015 ◽  
pp. 123-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Y. Laporte ◽  
Frédéric Chevalier
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cost Overruns ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Engineering Company ◽  
Project Management Processes ◽  
The Cost

A 400-employee Canadian division of a large American engineering company has developed and implemented project management processes for their small-scale and medium-scale projects. The company was already using a robust project management process for their large-scale projects. The objectives of this project were to reduce cost overruns and project delays, standardize practices to facilitate the integration of new managers, increase the level of customer satisfaction and to reduce risk-related planning deviations. For this project, the engineering organization used the ISO/IEC 29110 standards developed specifically for very small entities, i.e. organizations, having up to 25 people. An analysis of the cost and the benefits of the implementation of small and medium scale project management processes was performed using the ISO economic benefits of standard methodology. The engineering enterprise estimated that, over a three-year timeframe, savings of about 780,000$ would be realized due to the implementation of project management processes using the ISO/IEC 29110 standard.

scholarly journals Selection of a chipper technology for small-scale operations – a Finnish case

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Laitila ◽  
Robert Prinz ◽  
Lauri Sikanen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors ◽  
Selection Of

The objective of this study was to determine the economic performance of alternative chipper choices for small-scale chipping based on unit cost (€ per chip-m3) and net present value (NPV) calculations. For the chipping cost and investment profitability analyses four tractor-powered professional or semi-professional disc chippers and two professional drum chippers mounted on a truck or powered by tractor were selected. Initial investment, operating costs, and the cost of outsourced chipping were the key elements for comparing the profitability of investment alternatives. The average purchase prices, cost factors, and technical details of the chipper units were acquired from machine dealers, specification sheets, a literature review, and interviews with chipping entrepreneurs. The results of the three tractor-powered professional chippers involved in the comparison were very close to each other. The profitable running of a truck-mounted drum chipper calls for high annual chipping volumes: the chipper type is therefore a feasible choice for an entrepreneur in large-scale chipping. Semi-professional disc chippers offer lower investment costs, but their economic feasibility is relatively poor.

scholarly journals An Innovative Approach to the Development of Project Management Processes for Small-Scale Projects in a Large Engineering Company

2016 ◽  
pp. 882-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Y. Laporte ◽  
Frédéric Chevalier
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cost Overruns ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Engineering Company ◽  
Project Management Processes ◽  
The Cost

A 400-employee Canadian division of a large American engineering company has developed and implemented project management processes for their small-scale and medium-scale projects. The company was already using a robust project management process for their large-scale projects. The objectives of this project were to reduce cost overruns and project delays, standardize practices to facilitate the integration of new managers, increase the level of customer satisfaction and to reduce risk-related planning deviations. For this project, the engineering organization used the ISO/IEC 29110 standards developed specifically for very small entities, i.e. organizations, having up to 25 people. An analysis of the cost and the benefits of the implementation of small and medium scale project management processes was performed using the ISO economic benefits of standard methodology. The engineering enterprise estimated that, over a three-year timeframe, savings of about 780,000$ would be realized due to the implementation of project management processes using the ISO/IEC 29110 standard.

scholarly journals The importance of cost-benefit analysis: a response

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nicol ◽  
Michael Coen
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Institutional Investment ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operational Processes

The critique by Draper raises some interesting points that we did not have space to discuss in our published paper. As he points out, taking a purely quantitative approach to the evaluation of ICT investments in teaching and learning is wholly inappropriate. However, in this transitional period, where ICT applications are new and the effects on operational processes within higher education institutions are unknown, it is not only qualitative issues that need to be investigated but also the potential changes to the scope and nature of the costs incurred by institutions. While the small-scale, and localized, introduction of ICT in teaching might only affect the time and effort of a few individual academics, large-scale deployment of the same methodology may require substantial institutional investment (for example, in network infrastructure, hardware, licenses, support staff). The CBA model encourages institutions to consider and record all the cost implications of their strategies, not in an attempt to quantify the outputs (benefits) of these new learning processes but to identify and quantify the inputs to these processes. These quantitative inputs can then be evaluated in the context of qualitative outputs.DOI:10.1080/0968776030110311

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