Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon Enhanced by Hairy Vetch Green Manure and Partial Cultivar Resistance

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. G. Zhou ◽  
K. L. Everts
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Triploid Watermelon ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Soil Fumigants

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) green manure is a newly-described potential management tool for Fusarium wilt of watermelon, but control is insufficient when watermelon, especially triploid watermelon, is grown in severely infested soils. A field experiment in a split-split-plot design was conducted over two years to evaluate efficacy of hairy vetch green manure alone and in combination with a moderately wilt-resistant (MR) triploid watermelon cultivar for wilt suppression compared with preplant soil fumigants. Either the soil-incorporated hairy vetch winter cover crop or the MR cultivar was effective in reducing wilt incidence, promoting plant vine growth, and increasing fruit yield. However, neither approach alone resulted in disease reductions sufficient to obtain an acceptable level of marketable fruit yield. An additive effect was observed when both treatments were combined and was greater than that obtained with the fumigants methyl bromide or metam sodium. Stem colonization by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum was lower following hairy vetch green manure than in fallow treatments, and was lowest in the MR cultivar grown in green-manured plots. The combined use of hairy vetch green manure and a MR cultivar can enhance suppression of Fusarium wilt in triploid watermelon. Accepted for publication 25 February 2006. Published 5 April 2006.

scholarly journals Managing Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon with Delayed Transplanting and Cultivar Resistance

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Timothy W. Coolong ◽  
Justin D. Lanier ◽  
Pingsheng Ji
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Triploid Watermelon ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Fusarium wilt of watermelon caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum is a serious, widespread disease of watermelon throughout the southern United States. To investigate whether soil temperature affects disease development, three cultivars of triploid watermelon were transplanted March 17 to 21, April 7 to 11, and April 26 to May 2 in 2015 and 2016 at Charleston, SC, and Tifton, GA into fields naturally infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Incidence of Fusarium wilt was lower with late-season than with early and midseason transplanting in all four experiments (P ≤ 0.01). Cultivar Citation had more wilted plants than the cultivars Fascination and Melody in three of four experiments (P ≤ 0.05). In South Carolina, planting date did not affect weight and number of marketable fruit ≥4.5 kg apiece. In Georgia in 2016, weight and number of marketable fruit were greater with late transplanting than with early and midseason transplanting. In both states, yield and value for Fascination and Melody were higher than for Citation. Soil temperature averaged over the 4-week period after transplanting was negatively correlated with disease incidence for all four experiments (r = –0.737, P = 0.006). Transplanting after mid-April and choosing a cultivar with resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 1, like Fascination, or tolerance, like Melody, can help manage Fusarium wilt of watermelon and increase marketable yields in the southern United States.

scholarly journals Integrated Management of Gummy Stem Blight of Watermelon by Green Manure and Melcast-scheduled Fungicides

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Gen Zhou ◽  
Kathryne L. Everts
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Gummy Stem Blight ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Winter Cover Crop ◽  
Reynoutria Sachalinensis ◽  
Winter Fallow

Watermelon gummy stem blight (GSB) management using a green manure cover crop, the weather-based disease forecasting program ‘Melcast,’ and bio- and reduced-risk fungicides was evaluated in Maryland. Soil incorporation of hairy vetch winter cover crop suppressed percent foliage affected by GSB in comparison to winter fallow in three of five trials conducted in 2004 and 2005. Programs of Reynoutria sachalinensis, Bacillus subtilis, or harpin protein applied in rotation with chlorothalonil provided control of GSB as effectively as did EBDC, boscalid, or cyprodinil plus fludioxonil. However, the bio-fungicide programs did not perform as well as chlorothalonil alternated with pyraclostrobin plus boscalid in 2005. Melcast-scheduled sprays of B. subtilis in rotation with chlorothalonil resulted in an average of 73% less synthetic fungicide applied to watermelon. However, GSB reduction in the B. subtilis program, although similar in 2005, was less that that obtained with chlorothalonil alone in 2004. These results suggest that the combined use of green manure with Melcast-scheduled fungicide applications could effectively manage GSB and reduce fungicide use. Biofungicides alternated with chlorothalonil also minimized use of synthetic fungicides and were effective under some conditions, but should be used with caution. Accepted for publication 22 September 2008. Published 20 November 2008.

scholarly journals Use of Commercially Available Pollenizers for Optimizing Triploid Watermelon Production

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Dittmar ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis
Keyword(s):  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Hollow Heart ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Triploid Watermelon ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Pollen Movement ◽  
Selection Of

An experiment was conducted during 2005 and 2006 in Kinston, NC, with the objective of maximizing triploid watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nak.] fruit yield and quality by optimizing the choice and use of pollenizers. Treatments were pollenizer cultivars planted singly [‘Companion’, ‘Super Pollenizer 1’ (‘SP1’), ‘Summer Flavor 800’ (‘SF800’), and ‘Mickylee’] or in pairs (‘Companion’ + ‘SP1’, ‘Companion’ + ‘SF800’, and ‘SP1’ + ‘SF800’). All pollenizers from these seven treatments were interplanted with the triploid cultivar Tri-X-313. Planting arrangement was compared by establishing ‘SF800’ in a hill versus an interplanted field arrangement. Effect of pollenizer establishment timing on triploid fruit yields and quality was evaluated by establishing ‘SP1’ 3 weeks after planting and comparing it with the establishment of ‘SP1’ at the time of triploid plant establishment. Finally, a triploid planting with no pollenizer (control) was included to determine pollen movement. Fruit yield from the control was 22% or less of yield of the other treatments containing a pollenizer and less than 10% in the initial or early harvests. Pollen movement was minimal among plots and differences in yield and fruit quality could be attributed to pollenizer treatment. In 2005, the use of ‘Companion’, ‘SP1’, or ‘Mickylee’ as pollenizers produced similar total yields, whereas ‘SF800’ produced the lowest yield. In 2005, ‘Companion’ produced more large fruit than the other individual pollenizer treatments. Combining the pollenizers generally did not enhance triploid yields or quality. Interplanting of pollenizers consistently resulted in greater yield compared with the hill system. Late planting of ‘SP1’ increased the incidence of hollow heart in the marketable fruit and decreased yield compared with simultaneously planting ‘SP1’ and triploid plants. Thus, selection of pollenizer, planting arrangement, and time of pollenizer establishment are all important considerations to optimizing triploid yield and quality.

scholarly journals Comparison of Mixtures vs. Monocultures of Cover Crops for Fresh-market Tomato Production With and Without Herbicide

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1163-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Teasdale ◽  
Aref A. Abdul-Baki
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) and mixtures of rye with hairy vetch and/or crimson clover were compared for no-tillage production of staked, fresh-market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) on raised beds. All cover crops were evaluated both with or without a postemergence application of metribuzin for weed control. Biomass of cover crop mixtures were higher than that of the hairy vetch monocrop. Cover crop nitrogen content varied little among legume monocrops and all mixtures but was lower in the rye monocrop. The C:N ratio of legume monocrops and all mixtures was <30 but that of the rye monocrop was >50, suggesting that nitrogen immobilization probably occurred only in the rye monocrop. Marketable fruit yield was similar in the legume monocrops and all mixtures but was lower in the rye monocrop when weeds were controlled by metribuzin. When no herbicide was applied, cover crop mixtures reduced weed emergence and biomass compared to the legume monocrops. Despite weed suppression by cover crop mixtures, tomatoes grown in the mixtures without herbicide yielded lower than the corresponding treatments with herbicide in 2 of 3 years. Chemical name used: [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one](metribuzin).

scholarly journals A New Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) Variety, ‘Cheongpoogbora’ for Green Manure

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ja-Hwan Ku ◽  
Min-Tae Kim ◽  
Weon-Tai Jeon ◽  
Ki-Yeong Seong ◽  
Hyeoun-Suk Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa

scholarly journals Yield components of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) in different sowing technologies on acidic sandy soil

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Edit Kosztyuné Krajnyák ◽  
Béla Szabó ◽  
Sándor Vágvölgyi ◽  
Réka Bukta ◽  
Péter Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Green Fodder ◽  
Fertilization Practice

Nearly a quarter of the agricultural utilized area of our country is made up of sandy soils. Sandy soils are poor in nutrients, and, therefore, the effectiveness of farming is basically determined by the method of maintaining soil fertility and the fertilization practice. The hairy vetch called Vicia villosa Roth (Sandy Roth.), also known as a sand pioneer, plays a significant role in the exploitation of sandy soils. Its cultivation was started in Hungary in the late 1800s. It is primarily used as green fodder, most recently as a green manure and as a soil protection plant. The lupine is grown mainly as a supportive plant, which was previously rye, and today it is triticale. The ratio of the two plants to each other and the spatial location of plants depend on the method of sowing. The aim of our work was to present the yields of some of the grain grown in different sowing methods and some of its crops.

scholarly journals Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon by Soil Amendment with Hairy Vetch

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 1357-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. G. Zhou ◽  
K. L. Everts
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) as a soil amendment was evaluated for suppression of Fusarium wilt of watermelon and soil populations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum in greenhouse, microplot, and field studies. When mixed at 1 or 5% (wt/wt) in a loamy sand soil that was artificially or naturally infested with race 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, pulverized dry hairy vetch, crab shell, and urea provided the best suppression (53 to 87% reduction) of Fusarium wilt on watermelon seedlings among 13 plant and animal residues screened. Soil amended with hairy vetch at 0.25 or 0.5% (wt/wt) in microplots resulted in 54 to 69% decreased wilt incidence and 100 to 220% increase of watermelon plant biomass. Hairy vetch winter cover crop incorporated into field plots under black plastic provided 42 to 48% reduction of wilt incidence, 64 to 100% increase of plant biomass, and a 34 to 68% increase in weight of fruit, comparable to improvements achieved by the soil fumigants methyl bromide or 1,3-dichloropropene plus 35% chloropicrin. Soil amendment with hairy vetch also increased the sugar content of watermelon fruit 10 to 15%. Significant reductions in the populations of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum were not observed in hairy vetch-amended soil in microplots and field plots, but were observed in greenhouse pot soil amended with 5% (wt/wt) hairy vetch, which was attributed primarily to increased levels of fungicidal ammonia produced during decomposition. Incorporating hairy vetch into mulched soil can be an alternative or supplement to cultivar resistance and crop rotation for management of Fusarium wilt of watermelon.

Improving the use of rye (Secale cereale) for nematode management: potential to select cultivars based on Meloidogyne incognita host status and benzoxazinoid content

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff Rice ◽  
Inga Zasada ◽  
Susan Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Host Suitability ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Nematode Management ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Host Status

AbstractSix geographically diverse cultivars of rye (Secale cereale), a wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) cultivar unstated were screened for Meloidogyne incognita host suitability. Chemical constituents of rye can suppress M. incognita, so the rye cultivars and wheat were also tested for benzoxazinoid content to determine if rye cultivar selection could be based upon plant chemistry. There was variation in M. incognita host status among the rye cultivars. Cultivars Aroostook, Elbon, Oklon and Wrens Abruzzi were the most resistant rye cultivars, with low numbers of M. incognita eggs/g dry root. Cultivar Wheeler had somewhat more eggs/g root than these cultivars, while cv. Merced supported nearly three times more eggs/g root than cv. Wheeler. Most of the rye cultivars were similar to each other in total benzoxazinoid content, although cv. Aroostook had the lowest amount of total benzoxazinoids. When data from roots and shoots were combined, more than 79% of the total benzoxazinoids in all six of the rye cultivars were comprised of the non-methoxy-substituted forms: i) (2R)-2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA-glucoside); ii) 2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA); and iii) benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (BOA). In the rye cultivar roots there was little difference among cultivars in amounts of the methoxy-substituted benzoxazinoids: i) (2R)-2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA-glucoside); ii) 2,4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA); iii) 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (MBOA); and iv) 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4,-benzoxazzin-3(4H)-one (HMBOA). However, cv. Aroostook roots had the lowest concentration of non-methoxy-substituted benzoxazinoids. Rye cultivars were generally similar to each other in amounts of benzoxazinoids in shoots. The shoots had much lower concentrations of methoxy-substituted benzoxazinoinds than the roots but much higher concentrations of non-methoxy-substituted forms. Cultivars with the lowest numbers of eggs/g root and the highest amounts of benzoxazinoids (with potential for action against nematodes in soil after incorporation as a green manure) are possible candidates for optimal nematode management.

Green manure species respond differently to blade rolling

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 1507-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Vaisman ◽  
Martin H. Entz ◽  
Keith C. Bamford ◽  
Ian Cushon
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Lathyrus Sativus L

Vaisman, I., Entz, M. H., Bamford, K. C. and Cushon, I. 2014. Green manure species respond differently to blade rolling. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1507–1511. Reducing tillage in green manure (GM) management has led to interest in using the blade roller in organic agriculture. This study investigated the interaction effect of GM termination method (blade rolling and conventional tillage) and GM species choice [chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.), Indian Head lentil (Lens culinaris), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)] on a subsequent crop of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Significant effects on weed density and biomass, wheat biomass, and wheat yield indicated that the GM species were affected differently by termination methods. It was also discovered that spring-seeded hairy vetch continues to grow after rolling, while chickling vetch and lentil die.

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