Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of Grapevine vein clearing virus from Wild Vitis rupestris

Grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV), a new member of the genus Badnavirus in the family Caulimoviridae, is associated with a vein clearing and vine decline disease that severely affects grape production and berry quality in commercial vineyards in the Midwest region of the United States. In this paper, the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of GVCV-VRU1 and GVCV-VRU2, two isolates from wild Vitis rupestris grapevines in their native habitat, are described. The GVCV-VRU1 genome is 7,755 bp long while the GVCV-VRU2 genome consists of 7,725 bp, both of which are different from the genome of the GVCV-CHA isolate (7,753 bp), which was originally discovered in the grape cultivar ‘Chardonel’. The nucleotide sequence identity among GVCV-VRU1, GVCV-VRU2, and GVCV-CHA ranges from 91.6 to 93.4%, and open reading frame (ORF) II is the most divergent ORF with only 83.3 to 88.5% identity. Sequence analysis of the ORF II indicated that GVCV isolates genetically similar to GVCV-VRU1 and GVCV-VRU2 also are present in commercial vineyards. Symptoms of GVCV-VRU1- or GVCV-VRU2-infected wild V. rupestris grapevine appeared initially as translucent vein clearing on young leaves and progressed to vein necrosis on mature leaves. Inoculation of GVCV-VRU1 or GVCV-VRU2 by grafting onto grape cultivar Chardonel resulted in mild mottle and leaf distortion. The natural range of wild V. rupestris grapevines overlaps with commercial vineyards in the Midwestern United States. Therefore, the discovery of GVCV isolates in wild V. rupestris grapevines has important implications for epidemics and management of the GVCV-associated disease.

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Phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization of Fomes fasciatus and Fomes fomentarius in the United States

Mycologia ◽

10.3852/12-336 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 105 (6) ◽

pp. 1524-1534 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Meghan A. McCormick ◽

Larry F. Grand ◽

Justin B. Post ◽

Marc A. Cubeta

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Fomes Fomentarius

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Phenotypic Characterization of Recent Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans in the United States

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-12-0682-re ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (7) ◽

pp. 873-881 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

G. Danies ◽

I. M. Small ◽

K. Myers ◽

R. Childers ◽

W. E. Fry

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Late Blight ◽

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

The United States ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Phenotypic Traits ◽

Mating Types ◽

Late Blight Disease ◽

Blight Disease

Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease, has been reported in the United States and Canada since the mid-nineteenth century. Due to the lack of or very limited sexual reproduction, the populations of P. infestans in the United States are primarily reproducing asexually and, thus, show a simple genetic structure. The emergence of new clonal lineages of P. infestans (US-22, US-23, and US-24) responsible for the late blight epidemics in the northeastern region of the United States in the summers of 2009 and 2010 stimulated an investigation into phenotypic traits associated with these genotypes. Mating type, differences in sensitivity to mefenoxam, differences in pathogenicity on potato and tomato, and differences in rate of germination were studied for clonal lineages US-8, US-22, US-23, and US-24. Both A1 and A2 mating types were detected. Lineages US-22, US-23, and US-24 were generally sensitive to mefenoxam while US-8 was resistant. US-8 and US-24 were primarily pathogenic on potato while US-22 and US-23 were pathogenic on both potato and tomato. Indirect germination was favored at lower temperatures (5 and 10°C) whereas direct germination, though uncommon, was favored at higher temperatures (20 and 25°C). Sporangia of US-24 released zoospores more rapidly than did sporangia of US-22 and US-23. The association of characteristic phenotypic traits with genotype enables the prediction of phenotypic traits from rapid genotypic analyses for improved disease management.

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Genotypic and phenotypic characterization ofEscherichia coliisolated from mollusks in Brazil and the United States

MicrobiologyOpen ◽

10.1002/mbo3.738 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. e00738 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marília Miotto ◽

Sylvia A. Ossai ◽

Joan E. Meredith ◽

Clarissa Barretta ◽

Airton Kist ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Phenotypic Characterization

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First Report of Leaf Blight and Stem Canker of Pachysandra terminalis Caused by Pseudonectria pachysandricola in Korea

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-11-0813 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 287-287

Author(s):

K. S. Han ◽

J. H. Park ◽

S. E. Cho ◽

H. D. Shin

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Its Region ◽

Stem Canker ◽

The United States ◽

Culture Collection ◽

Leaf Blight ◽

First Report ◽

Cornell University ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Young Leaves

Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc., known as Japanese pachysandra, is a creeping evergreen perennial belonging to the family Buxaceae. In April 2011, hundreds of plants showing symptoms of leaf blight and stem canker with nearly 100% incidence were found in a private garden in Suwon, Korea. Plants with the same symptoms were found in Seoul in May and Hongcheon in August. Affected leaves contained tan-to-yellow brown blotches. Stem and stolon cankers first appeared as water soaked and developed into necrotic lesions. Sporodochia were solitary, erumpent, circular, 50 to 150 μm in diameter, salmon-colored, pink-orange when wet, and with or without setae. Setae were hyaline, acicular, 60 to 100 μm long, and had a base that was 4 to 6 μm wide. Conidiophores were in a dense fascicle, not branched, hyaline, aseptate or uniseptate, and 8 to 20 × 2 to 3.5 μm. Conidia were long, ellipsoid to cylindric, fusiform, rounded at the apex, subtruncate at the base, straight to slightly bent, guttulate, hyaline, aseptate, 11 to 26 × 2.5 to 4.0 μm. A single-conidial isolate formed cream-colored colonies that turned into salmon-colored colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Morphological and cultural characteristics of the fungus were consistent with previous reports of Pseudonectria pachysandricola B.O. Dodge (1,3,4). Voucher specimens were housed at Korea University (KUS). Two isolates, KACC46110 (ex KUS-F25663) and KACC46111 (ex KUS-F25683), were accessioned in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection. Fungal DNA was extracted with DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced using ABI Prism 337 automatic DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA). The resulting sequence of 487 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JN797821). This showed 100% similarity with a sequence of P. pachysandricola from the United States (HQ897807). Isolate KACC46110 was used in pathogenicity tests. Inoculum was prepared by harvesting conidia from 2-week-old cultures on PDA. Ten young leaves wounded with needles were sprayed with conidial suspensions (~1 × 106 conidia/ml). Ten young leaves that served as the control were treated with sterile distilled water. Plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain a relative humidity of 100% at 25 ± 2°C for 24 h. Typical symptoms of brown spots appeared on the inoculated leaves 4 days after inoculation and were identical to the ones observed in the field. P. pachysandricola was reisolated from 10 symptomatic leaf tissues, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Previously, the disease was reported in the United States, Britain, Japan, and the Czech Republic (2,3), but not in Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachysandricola on Pachysandra terminalis in Korea. Since this plant is popular and widely planted in Korea, this disease could cause significant damage to nurseries and the landscape. References: (1) B. O. Dodge. Mycologia 36:532, 1944. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , September 24, 2011. (3) I. Safrankova. Plant Prot. Sci. 43:10, 2007. (4) W. A. Sinclair and H. H. Lyon. Disease of Trees and Shrubs. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2005.

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Association of a Novel DNA Virus with the Grapevine Vein-Clearing and Vine Decline Syndrome

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-02-11-0034 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 101 (9) ◽

pp. 1081-1090 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Yu Zhang ◽

Kashmir Singh ◽

Ravneet Kaur ◽

Wenping Qiu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Small Rnas ◽

The United States ◽

Wide Distribution ◽

Whole Genome Sequence ◽

Cdna Libraries ◽

Dna Virus ◽

Vein Clearing ◽

Vine Decline ◽

Midwest Region

A severe vein-clearing and vine decline syndrome has emerged on grapevines (Vitis vinifera) and hybrid grape cultivars in the Midwest region of the United States. The typical symptoms are translucent vein-clearing on young leaves, short internodes and decline of vine vigor. Known viral pathogens of grapevines were not closely associated with the syndrome. To obtain a comprehensive profile of viruses in a diseased grapevine, small RNAs were enriched and two cDNA libraries were constructed from a symptomatic grapevine and a symptomless grapevine, respectively. Deep sequencing of the two cDNA libraries showed that the most abundant viral small RNAs align with the genomes of viruses in the genus Badnavirus, the family Caulimoviridae. Amplification of the viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction allowed the assembly of the whole genome sequence of a grapevine DNA virus, which shared the highest homology with the Badnavirus sequences. This is the first report of a DNA virus in grapevines. The new DNA virus is closely associated with the vein-clearing symptom, and thus has been given a provisional name Grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV). GVCV was detected in six grapevine cultivars showing vein-clearing and vine decline syndrome in Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, suggesting its wide distribution in the Midwest region of the United States. Discovery of DNA viruses in grapevines merits further studies on their epidemics and economic impact on grape production worldwide.

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Genetic Context and Biochemical Characterization of the IMP-18 Metallo-β-Lactamase Identified in aPseudomonas aeruginosaIsolate from the United States

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00858-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 140-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Luisa Borgianni ◽

Silvia Prandi ◽

Laurie Salden ◽

Gisela Santella ◽

Nancy D. Hanson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Gene Cassette ◽

The United States ◽

Turnover Rates ◽

Reading Frame ◽

Class 1 ◽

Original Array ◽

Genetic Context

ABSTRACTThe production of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) is an important mechanism of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems. Despite the discovery and emergence of many acquired metallo-β-lactamases, IMP-type determinants (now counting at least 27 variants) remain the most prevalent in some geographical areas. In Asian countries, and notably Japan, IMP-1 and its closely related variants are most widespread. Some other variants have been detected in other countries and show either an endemic (e.g., IMP-13 in Italy) or sporadic (e.g., IMP-12 in Italy or IMP-18 in the United States) occurrence. The IMP-18-producingPseudomonas aeruginosastrain PS 297 from the southwestern United States carried at least two class 1 integrons. One was identical to In51, while the other, named In133and carrying theblaIMP-18gene cassette in the third position, showed an original array of five gene cassettes, includingaacA7,qacF,aadA1, and an unknown open reading frame (ORF). Interestingly. In133differed significantly from In96, theblaIMP-18-carrying integron identified in aP. aeruginosaisolate from Mexico. The meropenem and ertapenem MIC values were much lower forEscherichia colistrains producing IMP-18 (0.06 and 0.12 μg/ml, respectively) than for strains producing IMP-1 (2 μg/ml for each). Kinetic data obtained with the purified enzyme revealed lower turnover rates of IMP-18 than of other IMP-type enzymes with most substrates.

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Molecular Phylogeny of the Psittacid Herpesviruses Causing Pacheco's Disease: Correlation of Genotype with Phenotypic Expression

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.77.20.11260-11267.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 77 (20) ◽

pp. 11260-11267 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Elizabeth K. Tomaszewski ◽

Erhard F. Kaleta ◽

David N. Phalen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Phenotypic Expression ◽

The United States ◽

Genotype 3 ◽

European Isolate ◽

Genotype 4 ◽

Reading Frame ◽

The Pacific ◽

Genotype 2 ◽

Serotype 1

ABSTRACT Fragments of 419 bp of the UL16 open reading frame from 73 psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs) from the United States and Europe were sequenced. All viruses caused Pacheco's disease, and serotypes of the European isolates were known. A phylogenetic tree derived from these sequences demonstrated that the PsHVs that cause Pacheco's disease comprised four major genotypes, with each genotype including between two and four variants. With the exception of two viruses, the serotypes of the virus isolates could be predicted by the genotypes. Genotypes 1 and 4 corresponded to serotype 1 isolates, genotype 2 corresponded to serotype 2 isolates, and genotype 3 corresponded to serotype 3 isolates. The single serotype 4 virus mapped to genotype 4. DNA from a virus with a unique serotype could not be amplified with primers that amplified DNA from all other PsHVs, and its classification remains unknown. Viruses representing all four genotypes were found in both the United States and Europe, and it was therefore predicted that serotypes 1, 2, and 3 were present in the United States. Serotype 4 was represented by a single European isolate that could not be genetically distinguished from serotype 1 viruses; therefore, the presence of serotype 4 in the United States could not be predicted. Viruses of genotype 4 were found to be the most commonly associated with Pacheco's disease in macaws and conures and were least likely to be isolated in chicken embryo fibroblasts in the United States. All four genotypes caused deaths in Amazon parrots, but genotype 4 was associated with Pacheco's disease only in Amazons in Europe. Genotypes 2, 3, and 4, but not 1, were found in African grey parrots. Although parrots from the Pacific distribution represent a relatively small percentage of the total number of birds with Pacheco's disease, all four genotypes were found to cause disease in these species.

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The edible fiddlehead—Matteuccia struthiopteris (Ostrich fern)

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0269727000008071 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 86 ◽

pp. 151-151

Author(s):

P. von Aderkas

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New Brunswick ◽

Economic History ◽

The United States ◽

West Germany ◽

Food Preparation ◽

Severe Winter ◽

Wild Harvest ◽

Young Leaves ◽

A Company

SynopsisMatteuccia struthiopteris is distributed throughout most of the boreal region of the northern hemisphere. It has been variously recorded as a vermifuge and an ingredient in beer manufacture as well as a food. Young leaves, alternatively known as croziers or fiddleheads, are picked before they have unfurled and are boiled or steamed and served as a hot vegetable. The market, between Malecite indian and colonists, developed in the Fredericton area of New Brunswick 200 years ago, following a particularly severe winter. The newly arrived United Empire Loyalists, having emigrated from the United States, were so short of food that by the spring of 1784, they were reduced to eating any sort of provender nature could supply. Specific mention is made of fiddleheads, which became a traditional spring vegetable in New Brunswick. This market spread into Maine in the United States, particularly into those areas bordering the St John River. The present market is still predominantly in New Brunswick, where the wild harvest is between 150–200 t/yr, a yield which is approximately four times the harvest in neighbouring Maine. Food companies process about one third of the crop. In Maine, this is done by a single canning company in Wilton, whereas in New Brunswick, tinned fiddleheads have largely been superseded by the frozen product which is the monopoly of a company working in Florenceville. In addition, Canadian companies have recently sprung up which export the fresh spring vegetable in refrigerated lorries to larger centres west of the province. These companies account for less than a quarter of the harvest. The remainder is sold from either roadside stands, or to a wholesaler who distributes them to outlets in the region. The harvest is still predominantly done by natives. Much greater detail of both harvest, food preparation, and economic history is given by von Aderkas (1984). It has recently come to the author's attention that crowns of M. struthiopteris are sold also as a garden ornamental. Over 5000 plants/yr are sold by one Ontario distributor alone. Estimates from other nurseries in West Germany and the United States which do the same trade are presently unavailable.

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