POLITICAL PATHOGENIC MEGADISCOURSES NEUTRALIZATION: TROLLING STRATEGY

The article is aimed at specifying and visualizing the strategies and tactics of neutralizing the negative effects of the pathogenic political megadiscourses. On top of that, it explores the suggestion linguistic implementation features, having been examined basing on the European political leaders’ speeches and news texts, and emphasizes the specificity of trolling strategy, which is aimed either at escalating the emotionality and falsity of the information presented in the original textual array, or at bringing the information having been presented in the original array to the absurd, which would minimize the rationality of the original array perception, and subsequently – trust in the original array, and in the addressee of these arrays (later on). The trolling strategy is optimal in the framework of neutralizing the pathogenic arrays having been created in the fake news paradigm, given these arrays’ orientation onto presenting knowingly false information in order to escalate tensions in the information space and destabilize the situation as a whole. The author presents and validates examples of using all the tactics of this strategy (rough (destructive) trolling or flaming, constructive trolling, exaggeration / reduction, wiki-trolling, "big lies" tactics, sockpuppetting tactics), which follow all the features of the original pathogenic array, including the dominant influence markers, as well as the original array’s suggestiveness realization peculiarities, which allows (when presenting the neutralizing array to the same target audience that has already been affected by the original array) to reduce or neutralize the harmful effects of the original pathogenic array. The paper also outlines the prospects for further research in this area given its fundamental importance not only for identifying the basic strategies for constructing pathogenic arrays and in-depth mechanisms of their formulation and, consequently, their impact on recipients, but also ways to counteract each type of such megadiscourses, thus optimizing Ukraine’s information space in the conditions of information war currently being carried out not only in our country, but in the numerous world countries, as well.

Topographical transition of submicron pillar array of azo molecular glass induced by circularly polarized light

The well-aligned submicron patterns on surfaces have attracted wide attention from scientific curiosity to practical applications. Understanding their formation and transition is highly desirable for efficient manufacture of the patterns for many usages. Here, we report a unique observation on self-organized topographical transition of submicron pillar array of an azo molecular glass, induced by irradiation with circularly polarized light. During gradual erasure of the patterns upon exposure to the light, which is a property of this material, a new set of pillars unexpectedly emerge with new one in middle of each triangle cell of the original array. The highly regular pillar array with triple area density is formed and finally stabilized in the process, as revealed by thorough investigation reported here. This unusual observation and its rationalization will be of benefit for deep understanding of the light–matter interaction and can be expected to be applied in different areas.

How array design creates SNP ascertainment bias

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genotyped with arrays, have become a widely used marker type in population genetic analyses over the last 10 years. However, compared to whole genome re-sequencing data, arrays are known to lack a substantial proportion of globally rare variants and tend to be biased towards variants present in populations involved in the development process of the respective array. This affects population genetic estimators and is known as SNP ascertainment bias. We investigated factors contributing to ascertainment bias in array development by redesigning the Axiom™ Genome-Wide Chicken Array in silico and evaluating changes in allele frequency spectra and heterozygosity estimates in a stepwise manner. A sequential reduction of rare alleles during the development process was shown. This was mainly caused by the identification of SNPs in a limited set of populations and a within-population selection of common SNPs when aiming for equidistant spacing. These effects were shown to be less severe with a larger discovery panel. Additionally, a generally massive overestimation of expected heterozygosity for the ascertained SNP sets was shown. This overestimation was 24% higher for populations involved in the discovery process than not involved populations in case of the original array. The same was observed after the SNP discovery step in the redesign. However, an unequal contribution of populations during the SNP selection can mask this effect but also adds uncertainty. Finally, we make suggestions for the design of specialized arrays for large scale projects where whole genome re-sequencing techniques are still too expensive.

A Priori-Based Subarray Selection Algorithm for DOA Estimation

A finer direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation result needs a large and dense array; it may, however, encounter the mutual coupling effect, which degrades the performance of DOA estimation. There is a new approach to mitigating this effect by using a nonuniform array to achieve DOA estimation. In this paper, we consider a priori DOA estimation, which is easily obtained from tracking results. The a priori DOA requires us to pay close attention to the high possibility of where the DOA will appear; then, a weight according to the prior probability distribution of DOA is added to each direction, which leads the sensing matrix of DOA estimation to be near low-rank. Thus, according to the low-rank matrix approximation theory, an optimal low-rank approximate matrix is obtained and an algorithm is proposed to select the elements of the original array according to right singular vectors of the approximate matrix. After that, the impacts of different weights are analyzed, and a mixed weight is presented which has flexibility for common use. Finally, a number of numerical simulations are carried out, and the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Tropical Pacific Surface Wind Energy Spectra and Coherence: Basinwide Observations and Their Observing System Implications

The tropical Pacific moored-buoy array spacing was based on wind coherence scales observed from low-lying islands in the western-central tropical Pacific. Since the array was deployed across the full basin in the mid-1990s, winds from the array have proven critical to accurately monitoring for decadal-scale changes in tropical Pacific winds and identifying spurious trends in wind analysis products used to monitor for long-term change. The array observations have also greatly advanced our ability to diagnostically model (hindcast) and thereby better understand the observed development of central Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly development associated with El Niño and La Niña events, although the eastern equatorial Pacific is not yet accurately hindcast. The original array-design assumptions that the statistics calculated from the western-central Pacific island records are representative of open-ocean conditions and other regions of the tropical Pacific have not been thoroughly reexamined. We revisit these assumptions using the basinwide wind observations provided by the array and find that key wind statistics change across the tropical Pacific basin in ways that could not be determined from the original island wind study. The island results provided a best-case answer for mooring zonal spacing with minimally redundant coherence between adjacent buoys. Buoy-observed meridional coherence scales are longer than determined from the islands. Enhanced zonal sampling east of 140°W and west of 180° is needed to obtain minimal redundancy (optimal spacing). Reduced meridional sampling could still yield minimal redundancy for wind and wind stress fields over the ocean waveguide.

The energy yield potential of a large tidal stream turbine array in the Alderney Race

This research provides an updated energy yield assessment for a large tidal stream turbine array in the Alderney Race. The original array energy yield estimate was presented in 2004. Enhancements to this original work are made through the use of a validated two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, enabling the resolution of flow modelling to be improved and the impacts of array blockage to be quantified. Results show that a range of turbine designs (i.e. rotor diameter and power capacity) are needed for large-scale development, given the spatial variation in bathymetry and flow across the Alderney Race. Array blockage causes a reduction in flow speeds in the array of up to 2.5 m s −1 , increased flow speeds around the array of up to 1 m s −1 and a reduction in the mean volume flux through the Alderney Race of 8%. The annual energy yield estimate of the array is 3.18 TWh, equivalent to the electricity demand of around 1 million homes. The capacity factor of the array is 18%, implying sub-optimal array design. This result demonstrates the need for turbine rated speed to be selected based on the altered flow regime, not the ambient flow. Further enhancement to array performance is explored through increases to rotor diameter and changes to device micro-siting, demonstrating the significant potential for array performance improvement. This article is part of the theme issue ‘New insights on tidal dynamics and tidal energy harvesting in the Alderney Race’.

How Array Design affects SNP Ascertainment Bias

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genotyped with SNP arrays, have become a widely used marker type in population genetic analyses over the last 10 years. However, compared to whole genome re-sequencing data, arrays are known to lack a substantial proportion of globally rare variants and tend to be biased towards variants present in populations involved in the development process of the respective array. This affects population genetic estimators and is known as SNP ascertainment bias. We investigated factors contributing to ascertainment bias in array development by redesigning the Axiom™ Genome-Wide Chicken Array in silico and evaluating changes in allele frequency spectra and heterozygosity estimates in a stepwise manner. A sequential reduction of rare alleles during the development process was shown with main influencing factors being the identification of SNPs in a limited set of populations and a within-population selection of common SNPs when aiming for equidistant spacing. These effects were shown to be less severe with a larger discovery panel. Additionally, a generally massive overestimation of expected heterozygosity for the ascertained SNP sets was shown. This overestimation was 24% higher for populations involved in the discovery process than not involved populations in case of the original array. The same was observed after the SNP discovery step in the redesign. However, an unequal contribution of populations during the SNP selection can mask this effect but also adds uncertainty. Finally, we make suggestions for the design of specialized arrays for large scale projects where whole genome re-sequencing techniques are still too expensive.

Logarithmic-Domain Array Interpolation for Improved Direction of Arrival Estimation in Automotive Radars

In automotive radar systems, a limited number of antenna elements are used to estimate the angle of the target. Therefore, array interpolation techniques can be used for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation to achieve high angular resolution. In general, to generate interpolated array elements from original array elements, the method of linear least squares (LLS) is used. When the LLS method is used, the amplitudes of the interpolated array elements may not be equivalent to those of the original array elements. In addition, through the transformation matrix obtained from the LLS method, the phases of the interpolated array elements are not precisely generated. Therefore, we propose an array transformation matrix that generates accurate phases for interpolated array elements to improve DOA estimation performance, while maintaining constant amplitudes of the array elements. Moreover, to enhance the effect of our interpolation method, a power calibration method for interpolated received signals is also proposed. Through the simulation, we confirm that the array interpolation accuracy and DOA estimation performance of the proposed method are improved compared to those of the conventional method. Moreover, the performance and effectiveness of our proposed method are also verified using data obtained from the commercial radar system. Because the proposed method exhibits better performance when applied to actual measurement data, it can be utilized in commercial automotive radar systems.

Science with the Murchison Widefield Array: Phase I results and Phase II opportunities

The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is an open access telescope dedicated to studying the low-frequency (80–300 MHz) southern sky. Since beginning operations in mid-2013, the MWA has opened a new observational window in the southern hemisphere enabling many science areas. The driving science objectives of the original design were to observe 21 cm radiation from the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR), explore the radio time domain, perform Galactic and extragalactic surveys, and monitor solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric phenomena. All together $60+$ programs recorded 20 000 h producing 146 papers to date. In 2016, the telescope underwent a major upgrade resulting in alternating compact and extended configurations. Other upgrades, including digital back-ends and a rapid-response triggering system, have been developed since the original array was commissioned. In this paper, we review the major results from the prior operation of the MWA and then discuss the new science paths enabled by the improved capabilities. We group these science opportunities by the four original science themes but also include ideas for directions outside these categories.

Facile Fabrication of Free-Standing Titanium Dioxide Nanorods Array with Highly Efficient Ultraviolet Light Induced Photocatalytic Activity

In this paper, the fabrication and characterization of free-standing titanium dioxide nanorods array film with pure anatase-phase are presented. Highly oriented TiO2nanorods array was firstly prepared by hydrothermal method with metal Ti foil, and then the free-standing film can be obtained through selective-dissolution of the metallic Ti substrate by Br2steam with preserving the original array structure. The crystal structural, morphological, lattice structural and optical information of the free-standing array film were studied. In addition, photo-degradation of crystal voilet in aqueous solution was used as a probe to assess the photo-catalytic activity of the free-standing array film under UV irradiation.