scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of the Purine Degradation Pathway Genes ALA1 and URE1 of the Maize Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola Identified Urease as a Novel Target for Plant Disease Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (9) ◽  
pp. 1530-1540
Author(s):  
Elvio Henrique Benatto Perino ◽  
Chirlei Glienke ◽  
Alan de Oliveira Silva ◽  
Holger B. Deising
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Acetohydroxamic Acid ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Purine Degradation

Fungal pathogenicity is governed by environmental factors, with nitrogen playing a key role in triggering pathogenic development. Spores germinating on the plant cuticle are exposed to a nitrogen-free environment, and reprograming of nitrogen metabolism is required for bridging the time needed to gain access to the nitrogen sources of the host. Although degradation of endogenous purine bases efficiently generates ammonium and may allow the fungus to bridge the preinvasion nitrogen gap, the roles of the purine degradation pathway and of the key genes encoding allantoicase and urease are largely unknown in plant pathogenic fungi. To investigate the roles of the allantoicase and urease genes ALA1 and URE1 of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola in pathogenic development, we generated ALA1:eGFP and URE1:eGFP fusion strains as well as allantoicase- and urease-deficient mutants. Virulence assays, live cell, and differential interference contrast imaging, chemical complementation and employment of a urease inhibitor showed that the purine degradation genes ALA1 and URE1 are required for bridging nitrogen deficiency at early phases of the infection process and for full virulence. Application of the urease inhibitor acetohydroxamic acid did not only protect maize from C. graminicola infection, but also interfered with the infection process of the wheat powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, the maize and broad bean rusts Puccinia sorghi and Uromyces viciae-fabae, and the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Our data strongly suggest that inhibition of the purine degradation pathway might represent a novel approach to control plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes.

scholarly journals Pathogen inactivation of cruciferous phytoalexins: detoxification reactions, enzymes and inhibitors

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (38) ◽  
pp. 23633-23646 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Soledade C. Pedras ◽  
Abbas Abdoli
Keyword(s):  
Control Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes ◽  
Detoxification Pathways ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

This review covers the detoxification pathways of cruciferous phytoalexins, the corresponding detoxifying enzymes and their natural and synthetic inhibitors. Paldoxins are examined as a potentially sustainable strategy to control plant pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Synergistic effects of a cellulase-producing Micromonospora carbonacea and an antibiotic-producing Streptomyces violascens on the suppression of Phytophthora cinnamomi root rot of Banksia grandis

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled A. El-Tarabily ◽  
Melissa L. Sykes ◽  
Ipek D. Kurtböke ◽  
Giles E. St. J. Hardy ◽  
Aneli M. Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Selective Isolation ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Mine Site ◽  
Isolation Techniques

Three polyvalent Streptomyces phages were used to isolate four Micromonospora species (M. carbonacea, M. chalcea, M. purpureochromogenes, and M. inositola) from mine-site rhizosphere soils in Western Australia. Streptomyces violascens was isolated using selective isolation techniques from the same soils. The Micromonspora spp. were examined for their ability to produce cellulases. Micromonospora carbonacea, M. chalcea, and M. purpureochromogenes, which were found to produce the enzyme, caused lysis of Phytophthora cinnamomi hyphae. Glasshouse trials showed that the use of the cellulase-producing M. carbonacea isolate, in conjunction with the antibiotic-producing S. violascens isolate, had a synergistic effect on the suppression of the Phytophthora root rot and in promoting growth of Banksia grandis. The importance of using a number of antagonists with different antagonistic abilities to control plant pathogenic fungi is discussed. Keywords: biological control, Micromonospora carbonacea, Streptomyces violascens, cellulases, Phytophthora cinnamomi.

The Biocontrol Mechanism of Trichoderma asperellum Resistance Plant Pathogenic Fungi

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4525-4528
Author(s):  
Ping Yang ◽  
Qian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Antifungal Metabolites ◽  
Degrading Enzymes

T. asperellum is an important biocontrol fungus owing to their ability to antagonize plant pathogenic fungi. The biocontrol effects of T. asperellum were played by secreting many kinds of hydrolytic enzymes and antibiotics. T. asperellum producing more cell wall degrading enzymes when meeting plant pathogens. Moreover, the growth of the plant pathogens was inhibited by T. asperellum secondary metabolites. The yield of antibiotic 6-PP was 1.32 mg 6-PP/g mycelial dry weight. T. asperellum control plant pathogens through secreting cell wall degrading enzymes and producing antifungal metabolites.

scholarly journals Trends in Nanotechnology and Its Potentialities to Control Plant Pathogenic Fungi: A Review

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 881
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Bashir Kutawa ◽  
Khairulmazmi Ahmad ◽  
Asgar Ali ◽  
Mohd Zobir Hussein ◽  
Mohd Aswad Abdul Wahab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles

Approximately 15–18% of crops losses occur as a result of animal pests, while weeds and microbial diseases cause 34 and 16% losses, respectively. Fungal pathogens cause about 70–80% losses in yield. The present strategies for plant disease control depend transcendently on agrochemicals that cause negative effects on the environment and humans. Nanotechnology can help by reducing the negative impact of the fungicides, such as enhancing the solubility of low water-soluble fungicides, increasing the shelf-life, and reducing toxicity, in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. Despite many advantages of the utilization of nanoparticles, very few nanoparticle-based products have so far been produced in commercial quantities for agricultural purposes. The shortage of commercial uses may be associated with many factors, for example, a lack of pest crop host systems usage and the insufficient number of field trials. In some areas, nanotechnology has been advanced, and the best way to be in touch with the advances in nanotechnology in agriculture is to understand the major aspect of the research and to address the scientific gaps in order to facilitate the development which can provide a rationale of different nanoproducts in commercial quantity. In this review, we, therefore, described the properties and synthesis of nanoparticles, their utilization for plant pathogenic fungal disease control (either in the form of (a) nanoparticles alone, that act as a protectant or (b) in the form of a nanocarrier for different fungicides), nano-formulations of agro-nanofungicides, Zataria multiflora, and ginger essential oils to control plant pathogenic fungi, as well as the biosafety and limitations of the nanoparticles applications.

scholarly journals Resistance-Related l-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by F. graminearum Sensu Stricto

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bilska ◽  
Kinga Stuper-Szablewska ◽  
Tomasz Kulik ◽  
Maciej Buśko ◽  
Dariusz Załuski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Pyroglutamic Acid ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Media ◽  
Gene Expression Studies

Fungicide application remains amongst the most widely used methods of fungal control in agroecosystems. However, the extensive use of fungicides poses hazards to human health and the natural environment and does not always ensure the effective decrease of mycotoxins in food and feed. Nowadays, the rising threat from mycotoxin contamination of staple foods has stimulated efforts in developing alternative strategies to control plant pathogenic fungi. A substantial effort is focused on the identification of plant-derived compounds inhibiting mycotoxin production by plant pathogenic fungi. l-Pyroglutamic acid has recently been suggested as playing a role in the response of barley to toxigenic Fusaria. Considering the above, we studied the response of various strains of F. graminearum sensu stricto to different levels of l-pyroglutamic acid on solid YES (yeast extract sucrose) media. l-Pyroglutamic acid decreased the accumulation of trichothecenes in all examined strains. Gene expression studies addressing Tri genes (Tri4, Tri5, and Tri10), which induce the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, revealed the production of mycotoxins by l-pyroglutamic acid to be inhibited at the transcriptional level. Besides inhibitory effects on mycotoxin production, l-pyroglutamic acid exhibited variable and concentration-related effects on phenylpropanoid production by fungi. Accumulation of most of the fungal-derived phenolic acids decreased in the presence of 100 and 400 µg/g of l-pyroglutamic acid. However, a higher dose (800 µg/g) of l-pyroglutamic acid increased the accumulation of trans-cinnamic acid in the media. The accumulation of fungal-derived naringenin increased in the presence of l-pyroglutamic acid. Contrasting results were obtained for quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, and kaempferol, the accumulation of which decreased in the samples treated with 100 and 400 µg/g of l-pyroglutamic acid, whereas the highest l-pyroglutamic acid concentration (800 µg/g) seemed to induce their biosynthesis. The results obtained in this study provide new insights for breeders involved in studies on resistance against Fusaria.

scholarly journals Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation of Protein β-Tubulin and Antifungal Cyclic Lipopeptides

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 3387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nubia Noemi Cob-Calan ◽  
Luz America Chi-Uluac ◽  
Filiberto Ortiz-Chi ◽  
Daniel Cerqueda-García ◽  
Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Iturin A ◽  
Cyclic Lipopeptides ◽  
Β Tubulin

To elucidate interactions between the antifungal cyclic lipopeptides iturin A, fengycin, and surfactin produced by Bacillus bacteria and the microtubular protein β-tubulin in plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Colletrotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium solani) in molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, we retrieved the structure of tubulin co-crystallized with taxol from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) (ID: 1JFF) and the structure of the cyclic lipopeptides from PubChem (Compound CID: 102287549, 100977820, 10129764). Similarity and homology analyses of the retrieved β-tubulin structure with those of the fungi showed that the conserved domains shared 84% similarity, and the root mean square deviation (RMSD) was less than 2 Å. In the molecular docking studies, within the binding pocket, residues Pro274, Thr276, and Glu27 of β-tubulin were responsible for the interaction with the cyclic lipopeptides. In the molecular dynamics analysis, two groups of ligands were formed based on the number of poses analyzed with respect to the RMSD. Group 1 was made up of 10, 100, and 500 poses with distances 0.080 to 0.092 nm and RMSDs of 0.10 to 0.15 nm. For group 2, consisting of 1000 poses, the initial and final distance was 0.1 nm and the RMSDs were in the range of 0.10 to 0.30 nm. These results suggest that iturin A and fengycin bind with higher affinity than surfactin to β-tubulin. These two lipopeptides may be used as lead compounds to develop new antifungal agents or employed directly as biorational products to control plant pathogenic fungi.

The Antibiosis of Trichoderma asperellum Resistance Plant Pathogenic Fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 1067-1070
Author(s):  
Ping Yang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Polyketide Synthase ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Antifungal Metabolites ◽  
Polyketide Synthase Gene

T. asperellumhas been turned out was an important biocontrol fungus and can antagonize many plant pathogenic fungi through a variety of biocontrol mechanisms. The antibiosis was considered one of important mechanisms. The antibiosis ofT.asperellumresistance plant pathogenic fungi was examined in this paper. The antibiotic biosynthetic gene polyketide synthase genepksT1can be induced by pathogens. Moreover, the growth of the plant pathogens was inhibited byT. asperellumsecondary metabolites. The yield of antibiotic 6-PP was 1.32 mg 6-PP/g mycelial dry weight.T. asperellumcontrol plant pathogens through producing antifungal metabolites.

scholarly journals Root Infection and Systemic Colonization of Maize by Colletotrichum graminicola

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serenella A. Sukno ◽  
Verónica M. García ◽  
Brian D. Shaw ◽  
Michael R. Thon
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Anthracnose Disease ◽  
Maize Roots

ABSTRACT Colletotrichum graminicola is a filamentous ascomycete that causes anthracnose disease of maize. While the fungus can cause devastating foliar leaf blight and stalk rot diseases, little is known about its ability to infect roots. Previously published reports suggest that C. graminicola may infect maize roots and that root infections may contribute to the colonization of aboveground plant tissues, leading to disease. To determine whether C. graminicola can infect maize roots and whether root infections can result in the colonization of aboveground plant tissues, we developed a green fluorescent protein-tagged strain and used it to study the plant root colonization and infection process in vivo. We observed structures produced by other root pathogenic fungi, including runner hyphae, hyphopodia, and microsclerotia. A mosaic pattern of infection resulted from specific epidermal and cortical cells becoming infected by intercellular hyphae while surrounding cells were uninfected, a pattern that is distinctly different from that described for leaves. Interestingly, falcate conidia, normally restricted to acervuli, were also found filling epidermal cells and root hairs. Twenty-eight percent of plants challenged with soilborne inoculum became infected in aboveground plant parts (stem and/or leaves), indicating that root infection can lead to asymptomatic systemic colonization of the plants. Many of the traits observed for C. graminicola have been previously reported for other root-pathogenic fungi, suggesting that these traits are evolutionally conserved in multiple fungal lineages. These observations suggest that root infection may be an important component of the maize anthracnose disease cycle.

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