Multigenic System Controlling Viral Systemic Infection Determined by the Interactions Between Cucumber mosaic virus Genes and Quantitative Trait Loci of Soybean Cultivars

Soybean ‘Harosoy’ is resistant to Cucumber mosaic virus soybean strain C (CMV-SC) and susceptible to CMV-S strain D (CMV-SD). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Northern hybridization, we characterized the Harosoy resistance and found that CMV-SC did not spread systemically but was restricted to the inoculated leaves in Harosoy. Harosoy resistance was not controlled by either a dominant or recessive single gene. To dissect this system controlling long-distance movement of CMV in soybean, we constructed infectious cDNA clones of CMV-SC and CMV-SD. Using these constructs and the chimeric RNAs, we demonstrated that two viral components were required for systemic infection by the virus. The region including the entire 2b gene and the 5′ region of RNA3 (mainly the 5′ untranslated region) together were required. By quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using an F2 population and the F3 families derived from Harosoy and susceptible ‘Nemashirazu’, we also showed that at least three QTLs affected systemic infection of CMV in soybean. Our study on Harosoy resistance to CMV-SC revealed an interesting mechanism, in which multiple host and viral genes coordinately controlled viral systemic infection.

Download Full-text

The Rate of Cell-to-Cell Movement in Squash of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Is Affected by Sequences of the Capsid Protein

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.7.628 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 628-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Sek-Man Wong ◽

Sharon Swee-Chin Thio ◽

Michael H. Shintaku ◽

Peter Palukaitis

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Capsid Protein ◽

Cell Movement ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Long Distance ◽

Local Movement ◽

Long Distance Movement

The M strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) does not infect squash plants systemically and moves very slowly in inoculated cotyledons. Systemic infection and an increase in the rate of local movement were observed when amino acids 129 or 214 of the M-CMV capsid protein (CP) were altered to those present in the Fny strain of CMV. While the opposite alterations to the CP of Fny-CMV inhibited systemic infection of squash, they did not show the same effects on the rates of both cell-to-cell and long-distance movement. However, the ability of CMV to infect squash systemically was affected by the rate of cell-to-cell movement.

Download Full-text

Screening for pathotype-specific resistance to broad bean wilt virus 2 and cucumber mosaic virus in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262121000472 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Kyeong-Jae Heo ◽

Boram Choi ◽

Myung-Hwi Kim ◽

Min-Jun Kwon ◽

Young-Eun Cho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Broad Bean ◽

Specific Resistance ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Cdna Clones ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Population Structures ◽

Wilt Virus ◽

Broad Bean Wilt Virus

Abstract Two aphid-transmitted RNA viruses, broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), are the most prevalent viruses in Korean pepper fields and cause chronic damage in pepper production. In this study, we employed a screening system for pathotype-specific resistance of pepper germplasm to BBWV2 and CMV by utilizing infectious cDNA clones of different pathotypes of the viruses (two BBWV2 strains and three CMV strains). We first examined pathogenic characteristics of the BBWV2 and CMV strains in various plant species and their phylogenetic positions in the virus population structures. We then screened 34 commercial pepper cultivars and seven accessions for resistance. While 21 pepper cultivars were resistant to CMV Fny strain, only two cultivars were resistant to CMV P1 strain. We also found only one cultivar partially resistant to BBWV2 RP1 strain. However, all tested commercial pepper cultivars were susceptible to the resistance-breaking CMV strain GTN (CMV-GTN) and BBWV2 severe strain PAP1 (BBWV2-PAP1), suggesting that breeding new cultivars resistant to these virus strains is necessary. Fortunately, we identified several pepper accessions that were resistant or partially resistant to CMV-GTN and one symptomless accession despite systemic infection with BBWV2-PAP1. These genetic resources will be useful in pepper breeding programs to deploy resistance to BBWV2 and CMV.

Download Full-text

An important determinant of the ability of Turnip mosaic virus to infect Brassica spp. and/or Raphanus sativus is in its P3 protein

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.79825-0 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 85 (7) ◽

pp. 2087-2098 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Noriko Suehiro ◽

Tomohide Natsuaki ◽

Tomoko Watanabe ◽

Seiichi Okuda

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Raphanus Sativus ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽

Progeny Virus ◽

Cdna Clones ◽

Coding Region ◽

Terminal Sequence ◽

Long Distance ◽

Chlorotic Mottle

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) infects mainly cruciferous plants. Isolates Tu-3 and Tu-2R1 of TuMV exhibit different infection phenotypes in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Infectious full-length cDNA clones, pTuC and pTuR1, were constructed from isolates Tu-3 and Tu-2R1, respectively. Progeny virus derived from infections with pTuC induced systemic chlorotic and ringspot symptoms in infected cabbage, but no systemic infection in radish. Virus derived from plants infected with pTuR1 induced a mild chlorotic mottle in cabbage and infected radish systemically to induce mosaic symptoms. By exchanging genome fragments between the two virus isolates, the P3-coding region was shown to be responsible for systemic infection by TuMV and the symptoms it induces in cabbage and radish. Moreover, exchanges of smaller parts of the P3 region resulted in recombinants that induced complex infection phenotypes, especially the combination of pTuC-derived N-terminal sequence and pTuR1-derived C-terminal sequence. Analysis by tissue immunoblotting of the inoculated leaves showed that the distributions of P3-chimeric viruses differed from those of the parents, and that the origin of the P3 components affected not only virus accumulation, but also long-distance movement. These results suggest that the P3 protein is an important factor in the infection cycle of TuMV and in determining the host range of this and perhaps other potyviruses.

Download Full-text

A Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) RNA 1 Transgene Mediates Suppression of the Homologous Viral RNA 1 Constitutively and Prevents CMV Entry into the Phloem

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.75.19.9114-9120.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 75 (19) ◽

pp. 9114-9120 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Tomas Canto ◽

Peter Palukaitis

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Tobacco Rattle Virus ◽

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Viral Rna ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Long Distance ◽

Steady State Levels ◽

Rna Accumulation

ABSTRACT Resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in tobacco lines transformed with CMV RNA 1 is characterized by reduced virus accumulation in the inoculated leaf, with specific suppression of accumulation of the homologous viral RNA 1, and by the absence of systemic infection. We show that the suppression of viral RNA 1 occurs in protoplasts from resistant transgenic plants and therefore is not due to a host response activated by the cell-to-cell spread of virus. In contrast, suppression of Tobacco rattle virus vectors carrying CMV RNA 1 sequences did not occur in protoplasts from resistant plants. Furthermore, steady-state levels of transgene mRNA 1 were higher in resistant than in susceptible lines. Thus, the data indicate that sequence homology is not sufficient to induce suppression. Grafting experiments using transgenic resistant or susceptible rootstocks and scions demonstrated that the resistance mechanism exhibited an additional barrier to phloem entry, preventing CMV from moving a long distance in resistant plants. On the other hand, virus from susceptible rootstocks could systemically infect grafted resistant scions via the phloem. Analysis of viral RNA accumulation in the infected scions showed that the mechanism that suppresses the accumulation of viral RNA 1 at the single-cell level was overcome. The data indicate that this transgene-mediated systemic resistance probably is not based on a posttranscriptional gene-silencing mechanism.

Download Full-text

First Report of a Cucumber mosaic virus-Associated Satellite RNA in Lobelia erinus

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.802a ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (7) ◽

pp. 802-802 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. G. P. Nameth ◽

J. R. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Late Summer ◽

Culture Collection ◽

Northern Hybridization ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Satellite Rna ◽

First Report ◽

Dna Labeling

Lobelia (Lobelia erinus L.) is a common herbaceous annual used in flower beds and hanging baskets. The plant blooms from early to late summer. In the summer of 2000, Lobelia plants expressing virus-like symptoms were collected from a greenhouse-based production site in Ohio. Affected plants expressed a mild leaf mosaic and stunting. Viral-associated dsRNA was isolated from 7 g of symptomatic leaf tissue (1). Four dsRNAs were observed at 3.9, 3.0, 2.25, and 1.05 kb indicating the presence of a Cucumovirus. A fifth dsRNA at 0.75 kb also was observed, consistent with the presence of a satellite RNA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) of symptomatic Lobelia tissue confirmed the presence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). A (S)CARNA-5 (-) cDNA clone (American Type Culture Collection #45124) was labeled with digoxygenin (DIG) as per the manufacturer's instructions (Genius II DIG-DNA Labeling Kit, Boehringer Mannheim) and used as a diagnostic probe to detect this satellite RNA. Northern hybridization confirmed the identity of the satellite RNA (2). This is the first report of any satellite RNA associated with a virus infection in Lobelia and the first report of CMV in this host in Ohio. References: (1) J. R. Fisher and S. G. P. Nameth. HortScience 35:230–234, 2000. (2) R. A. Valverde et.al. Plant Dis. 74:255–258, 1990.

Download Full-text

Cucumber mosaic virus 2b-Deficient Mutant Causes Limited, Asymptomatic Infection of Bell Pepper

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-05-10-0392 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 331-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jongkit Masiri ◽

Nubia V. Velasquez ◽

John F. Murphy

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Asymptomatic Infection ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

2B Protein ◽

Systemic Symptoms

Cucumber mosaic virus Fast New York strain (CMV-Fny) containing a mutated 2b protein (CMV-FnyΔ2b) was evaluated for the ability to infect ‘Calwonder’ bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants in comparative tests with the parent virus, CMV-Fny. Plants inoculated with CMV-FnyΔ2b did not develop local or systemic symptoms of infection, whereas CMV-Fny-infected plants developed systemic chlorosis by 7 days post inoculation (dpi), followed by mosaic and leaf deformation. Virus accumulation, determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), revealed that CMV-FnyΔ2b accumulated in inoculated Calwonder leaves and inconsistently infected some noninoculated leaves at a low titer but was not detected in the youngest, noninoculated leaves. Immuno-tissue blot tests did not detect CMV-FnyΔ2b in the stems of infected plants, whereas CMV-Fny accumulated throughout the length of the stems of inoculated plants. In two experiments, protoplasts were isolated from Calwonder leaves, inoculated with viral RNAs of CMV-Fny or CMV-FnyΔ2b, and tested by ELISA for infection. In both experiments, less CMV-FnyΔ2b than CMV-Fny accumulated in protoplasts. These results suggest that the CMV 2b protein is needed for systemic infection of Calwonder pepper plants and for accumulation of the virus in inoculated protoplasts.

Download Full-text

Cylindrical Inclusion Protein of Wheat Yellow Mosaic Virus Is Involved in Differential Infection of Wheat Cultivars

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-11-18-0438-r ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (8) ◽

pp. 1475-1480 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Takehiro Ohki ◽

Takahide Sasaya ◽

Tetsuo Maoka

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Cylindrical Inclusion ◽

Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽

Cdna Clones ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Wheat Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽

Long Distance ◽

Bipartite Genome ◽

Cylindrical Inclusion Protein

Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) belongs to the genus Bymovirus in the family Potyviridae and has a bipartite genome (RNA1 and RNA2). WYMV in Japan is classified into three pathotypes (I to III) based on its pathogenicity to wheat cultivars. Among these three, pathotypes I and II are discriminated by their pathogenicity to the wheat cultivar Fukuho; pathotype I infects Fukuho but pathotype II does not. In the present study, the genomic regions that are involved in such pathogenicity were examined using infectious viral cDNA clones of pathotypes I and II. Reassortant experiments between viral RNA1 and RNA2 revealed the presence of a viral factor related to pathogenicity in RNA1. A chimeric pathotype II virus harboring a cylindrical inclusion (CI) cistron from pathotype I facilitated systemic infection of Fukuho, indicating that CI protein is involved in pathogenicity. Furthermore, analysis of chimeric and site-directed mutants revealed that three amino acids at the N-terminal region of CI protein were involved in pathogenicity to Fukuho. On the other hand, at the single-cell level, pathotype II replicated in protoplasts of Fukuho similar to that of pathotype I virus. These data suggest that differential pathogenicity between pathotypes I and II was considered to depend on the ability of cell-to-cell or long-distance viral movement, in which CI protein is involved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show the involvement of the bymoviral CI protein in pathogenicity.

Download Full-text

The Bundle Sheath-Phloem Interface of Cucumis sativus Is a Boundary to Systemic Infection by Tomato Aspermy Virus

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.2.109 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 109-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Jeremy R. Thompson ◽

Fernando García-Arenal

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Bundle Sheath ◽

Functional Difference ◽

Reassortant Virus ◽

Long Distance ◽

Mesophyll Cells ◽

Systemic Movement ◽

Tomato Aspermy Virus

The progress of infection of two cucumoviruses in cucumber plants was analyzed immunohistochemically. Strain Fny of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, FFF) was found to infect cucumber tissues systemically by 6 days postinoculation (dpi), while a reassortant virus with RNAs 1+2 of Fny-CMV plus RNA3 of strain 1 of tomato aspermy virus (FFT) was unable to move long distance and infect cucumber plants systemically. FFF infection of the vasculature was detected 6 dpi in the phloem of a low percentage of both minor (order VII–VI) and major (order V–IV) veins. At 9 dpi, infection was detected in phloem cells of about 50% of both minor and major veins. FFT colonization of inoculated cotyledons followed a pathway similar to that of FFF, but virus accumulation was never detected in vascular tissues. In minor or major veins, FFT infection was arrested at the bundle sheath (BS), and at 9 dpi was not detected in intermediary or other phloem cells. Thus, our data indicate that the BS-phloem interface is a boundary for the systemic movement of these viruses in cucumber, and provide evidence of a functional difference between the plasmodesmata connecting mesophyll cells, as well as mesophyll and BS cells, which allow the movement of both FFF and FFT, from the plasmodesmata connecting BS and phloem, which allow movement of FFF but not of FFT.

Download Full-text

Maize resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/10550-pps ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽

pp. 542-544

Author(s):

R. Pokorný ◽

M. Porubová

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Sugarcane Mosaic Virus ◽

Resistant Line ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Long Distance ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Resistant Lines ◽

Maize Resistance ◽

Long Distance Movement

Under greenhouse conditions 12 maize hybrids derived from crosses of four resistant lines with several lines of different level of susceptibility were evaluated for resistance to Czech isolate of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). These hybrids were not fully resistant to isolate of SCMV, but the symptoms on their newly growing leaves usually developed 1 to 3 weeks later in comparison with particular susceptible line, the course of infection was significantly slower and rate of infection lower. As for mechanisms of resistance, the presence of SCMV was detected by ELISA in inoculated leaves both of resistant and susceptible lines, but virus was detected 7 days later in resistant line. Systemic infection developed only in susceptible lines. These results indicate restriction of viral long distance movement in the resistant line.

Download Full-text

A cassava common mosaic virus vector for virus-induced gene silencing in cassava

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-021-00775-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Decai Tuo ◽

Peng Zhou ◽

Pu Yan ◽

Hongguang Cui ◽

Yang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Silencing ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Gene Function ◽

Viral Vector ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Cdna Clones ◽

Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽

Efficient Gene ◽

Gene Function Analysis

Abstract Background Cassava is an important crop for food security and industry in the least-developed and developing countries. The completion of the cassava genome sequence and identification of large numbers of candidate genes by next-generation sequencing provide extensive resources for cassava molecular breeding and increase the need for rapid and efficient gene function analysis systems in cassava. Several plant virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) systems have been developed as reverse genetic tools for rapid gene function analysis in cassava. However, these VIGS vectors could cause severe viral symptoms or inefficient gene silencing. Results In this study, we constructed agroinfection-compatible infectious cDNA clones of cassava common mosaic virus isolate CM (CsCMV-CM, genus Potexvirus, family Alphaflexiviridae) that causes systemic infection with mild symptoms in cassava. CsCMV-CM was then modified to a viral vector carrying the Nimble cloning frame, which facilitates the rapid and high-throughput cloning of silencing fragments into the viral genome. The CsCMV-based vector successfully silenced phytoene desaturase (PDS) and magnesium chelatase subunit I (ChlI) in different cassava varieties and Nicotiana benthamiana. The silencing of the ChlI gene could persist for more than two months. Conclusions This CsCMV-based VIGS system provides a new tool for rapid and efficient gene function studies in cassava.

Download Full-text