scholarly journals Left and right superior cervical ganglionectomy affect differently the cardiorespiratory patterning in the in situ arterially perfused brainstem preparation of the rat

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gjinovefa Kola ◽  
Gregory A Coffee ◽  
Paulina M Getsy ◽  
Yee‐Hsee Hsieh ◽  
Thomas E Dick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy ◽  
Left And Right

scholarly journals Two eyes for two purposes: in situ evidence for asymmetric vision in the cockeyed squids Histioteuthis heteropsis and Stigmatoteuthis dofleini

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1717) ◽  
pp. 20160069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate N. Thomas ◽  
Bruce H. Robison ◽  
Sönke Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Submarine Canyon ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
Yellow Pigmentation ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Dim Light ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
High Diversity

The light environment of the mesopelagic realm of the ocean changes with both depth and viewer orientation, and this has probably driven the high diversity of visual adaptations found among its inhabitants. The mesopelagic ‘cockeyed’ squids of family Histioteuthidae have unusual eyes, as the left and right eyes are dimorphic in size, shape and sometimes lens pigmentation. This dimorphism may be an adaptation to the two different sources of light in the mesopelagic realm, with the large eye oriented upward to view objects silhouetted against the dim, downwelling sunlight and the small eye oriented slightly downward to view bioluminescent point sources. We used in situ video footage from remotely operated vehicles in the Monterey Submarine Canyon to observe the orientation behaviour of 152 Histioteuthis heteropsis and nine Stigmatoteuthis dofleini . We found evidence for upward orientation in the large eye and slightly downward orientation in the small eye, which was facilitated by a tail-up oblique body orientation. We also found that 65% of adult H. heteropsis ( n = 69) had yellow pigmentation in the lens of the larger left eye, which may be used to break the counterillumination camouflage of their prey. Finally, we used visual modelling to show that the visual returns provided by increasing eye size are much higher for an upward-oriented eye than for a downward-oriented eye, which may explain the development of this unique visual strategy. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in dim light’.

scholarly journals Stomach serosal arteries distinguish gastric regions of the rat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M Jaffey ◽  
Logan Chesney ◽  
Terry L. Powley
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Gastroepiploic Artery ◽  
Mucosal Tissue ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Greater Curvature ◽  
Microct Imaging ◽  
The Right ◽  
Shape Changes ◽  
Large Vessels

AbstractBecause the stomach in situ has few distinctive surface features and changes shape dramatically with food intake, we have used microCT imaging to (1) characterize the pattern of arteries, potential landmarks, on the stomach wall and (2) evaluate how meal-related shape changes affect the size of the different regions. The stomach receives its blood supply primarily from two pairs of vessels, the gastric and gastroepiploic arteries. Each of the three regions of the stomach is delineated by a distinctive combination of arterial fields: The corpus, consistent with its dynamic secretory activity and extensive mucosa, is supplied by extensive arterial trees formed by the left and right gastric arteries. These major arteries course circularly from the lesser towards the greater curvature, distally along both left and right walls of the corpus, and branch rostrally to supply the region. The muscular antrum is characterized by smaller arterial branches arising primarily from the right gastroepiploic artery that follows the distal greater curvature and secondarily from small, distally directed arteries supplied by the large vessels of the left and right gastric arteries. The forestomach, essentially devoid of mucosal tissue and separated from the corpus by the limiting ridge, is vascularized predominantly by a network of small arteries issued from the left gastroepiploic artery coursing around the proximal greater curvature, as well as from higher order and smaller branches issued by the gastric and celiac arteries. The regions of the stomach empty at different rates, thus changing the dimensions of the organ regions non-linearly.

scholarly journals THE INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF AN IN SITU PERFUSED CROCODILE HEART

1994 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Franklin ◽  
M. Axelsson
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Filling Pressure ◽  
Perfused Heart ◽  
Output Pressure ◽  
Heart Preparation ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

An in situ perfused crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) heart preparation was developed to investigate the effects of input and output pressure on cardiac dynamics and to determine the conditions that lead to a right-to-left cardiac shunt. The pericardium was kept intact, both the left and right atria were perfused and all three outflow tracts (right aortic, left aortic and pulmonary) were cannulated, enabling pressures and flows to be monitored. The perfused heart preparation had an intrinsic heart rate of 34 beats min-1 and generated a physiological power output. Both the left and right sides of the heart were sensitive to filling pressure. Increasing the filling pressure to both atria resulted in an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output (Frank­Starling effect). Increasing the filling pressure to the right atrium also had a positive chronotropic effect. Large right ventricular stroke volumes initiated a right-to-left shunt, despite the left aorta having a pressure 1.5 kPa higher than the pulmonary output pressure. The left ventricle was able to maintain its output and stroke volume up to an output pressure of approximately 8 kPa. However, the right ventricle was significantly weaker. Right ventricular output and stroke volume showed a marked decrease when the output pressure was increased above 5 kPa. A right-to-left shunt occurred when pulmonary output pressure was increased. Surprisingly, a shunt occurred into the left aorta before the pressure in the pulmonary artery became greater than that in the left aorta. Once the pressure in the pulmonary artery exceeded the left aortic pressure, pulmonary artery flow ceased and right ventricular output was solely via the left aorta. A right-to-left shunt could also be initiated by increasing the filling pressure to the left atrium.

scholarly journals Localization of P elements, copy number regulation, and cytotype determination in Drosophila melanogaster

1990 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Biémont ◽  
S. Ronsseray ◽  
D. Anxolabéhère ◽  
H. Izaabel ◽  
C. Gautier
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Chromosomal Location ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
P Element ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Element Activity ◽  
Copy Number Regulation

SummarySeventeen highly-inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster extracted from an M′ strain (in the P/M system of hybrid dysgenesis) were studied for their cytotype and the number and chromosomal location of complete and defective P elements. While most lines were of M cytotype, three presented a P cytotype (the condition that represses P-element activity) and one was intermediate between M and P. All lines were found to possess K.P elements and only eight to bear full-sized P elements. Only the lines with full-sized P elements showed detectable changes in their P-insertion pattern over generations; their rates of gain and of loss of P-element sites were equal to 0·12 and 0·09 per genome, per generation, respectively. There was no correlation between these two rates within lines, suggesting independent transpositions and excisions in the inbred genomes. The results of both Southern blot analysis and in situ hybridization of probes made from left and right sides of the P element strongly suggested the presence of a putative complete P element in region 1A of the X chromosome in the three lines with a P cytotype; the absence of P copy in this 1A region in lines with an M cytotype, favours the hypothesis that the P element inserted in 1A could play a major role in the P-cytotype determination. Insertion of a defective 2 kb P element was also observed in region 93F in 9 of the 13 M lines. The regulation of the P-element copy number in our lines appeared not to be associated with the ratio of full-length and defective P elements.

scholarly journals Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy Affects the Cardiorespiratory Network of the In Situ Arterially Perfused Brainstem Preparation

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gjinovefa Kola ◽  
Gregory A. Coffee ◽  
Paulina M. Getsy ◽  
Thomas E. Dick ◽  
Yee‐Hsee Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy

scholarly journals Prosody and EPP in Swahili

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Hwan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Minimalist Program ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Initial Shape ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Suprasegmental Features ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Match Theory ◽  
Additional Explanation

The precise motivation for affixation has not been entirely settled. Noyer (1992) and Hankamer & Mikkelsen (2018) argue that the identity of an affix is recognized in syntax-free contexts or in postsyntactic environments. On the other hand, Richards (2010, 2016) proposes a way of identifying affixes by looking into their metrical dependencies initially detected in narrow syntax. Here, I argue alongside Richards (2016) that these suprasegmental features are visible in syntax and that they trigger XP-movements (see also Branan 2018). According to Contiguity Theory (Richards 2016), overt movements triggered by syntactic features such as [uwh] and Extended Projection Principle (EPP) in the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1993, 1995) are reanalyzed as operations sensitive to the interaction between syntax and prosody. To be more specific, narrow syntax looks at certain phonological information that works in favor of the initial shape of prosody. This suggests that syntactic movement is sensitive to prosodic contiguity prior to spell-out. Richards (2016) discusses some key motivations for movement. They include Probe-Goal Contiguity, Affix Support, and Untethering. Adopting some of the basic assumptions proposed in Match Theory (Selkirk 2009, 2011), Contiguity Theory looks into phonological motivations for wh-movement and EPP. In this paper, I argue that Swahili demands additional explanation as to how prosodic requirements are satisfied. In detail, I present an analysis accounting for the wh-in-situ phenomenon as well as the presence of EPP in Swahili. With regards to the presence of EPP, I propose that Swahili tense affixes require metrical boundaries on both left and right of their peripheries. The metrical boundary on the right is satisfied by the phonological content inside vP. The metrical boundary on its left is satisfied by an XP targeting [Spec,TP] which gives rise to the desired EPP-effect.

Immunochemical demonstration of the clonal organization of chimaeric mouse epidermis

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Schmidt ◽  
M.A. Blount ◽  
B.A. Ponder
Keyword(s):  
Flank Region ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Mouse Epidermis ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Left And Right

The clonal organization of chimaeric mouse epidermis was demonstrated by in situ staining of whole-mount preparations using monoclonal antibodies directed against H-2k and H-2b antigens. A striking pattern of transversely oriented stripes or patches was found which extended from mid-dorsum to the flank region. The orientation of these patches indicates a preferred directional expansion of clones during the development of dorsal/lateral epidermis. The clonal pattern of the belly region differed in that stripes were not found, but a marked ventral midline boundary was observed. This demarcation line may be due to a physical effect, i.e. isolation of the left and right ventral halves of the epidermis during early embryogenesis with relatively little cell mingling following closure of the abdominal wall. The obvious nonhomogenous distribution of chimaeric components in dorsal/lateral and ventral epidermis contradicts assumptions of homogenous, fine-grained patchiness derived from electrophoretic analysis of tissue samples and used in studies of skin carcinogenesis. The observation that hair follicles may contain cells of both parental genotypes implies a polyclonal origin. Epidermal proliferative units as described by Potten (1974) were not revealed by the pattern of mosaicism at the cellular level in these chimaeric tissue sheets. This indicates that the proliferative compartment of each putative epidermal unit is polyclonal.

Nerve stimulation decreases malonyl-CoA in skeletal muscle

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 901-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Duan ◽  
W. W. Winder
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase ◽  
Plantaris Muscle ◽  
Malonyl Coa ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Stimulation Of

This study was designed to determine the effect of in situ electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve on malonyl-CoA, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl transferase, in the gastrocnemius/plantaris muscle group of rats. The left sciatic nerve was stimulated at a frequency of 5 Hz with 100-ms trains of impulses (50 Hz) for 1, 3, or 5 min. At the end of stimulation, the left and right (nonstimulated) gastrocnemius/plantaris muscle groups were clamp-frozen and later analyzed for malonyl-CoA and other metabolites. No change was observed in the noncontracting contralateral muscles in malonyl-CoA, ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), or citrate. In the stimulated muscles, malonyl-CoA decreased from 1.7 +/- 0.1 to 1.0 +/- 0.1 nmol/g (P less than 0.05), and CP decreased from 15.8 +/- 0.9 to 12.2 +/- 1.0 mumol/g (P less than 0.05) after 3 min of stimulation. After 5 min of stimulation, malonyl-CoA was 1.0 +/- 0.1 nmol/g and CP was 10.3 +/- 1.3 mumol/g. When muscles were stimulated for 5 min with single impulses (5 Hz), malonyl-CoA was decreased from 1.8 +/- 0.3 to 1.0 +/- 0.1 nmol/g, with no change in CP, ATP, or adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate. Thus a decline in malonyl-CoA can be induced by muscle contraction independently of humoral influence.

Chemotaxis and lunge-feeding behaviour of Dendronotus iris (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2805-2810 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Oral Region ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Frontal Processes ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
Made In

This study provides evidence that Dendronotus iris Cooper can detect odours of Pachycerianthus fimbriatus at a distance. When searching for food, D. iris crawls forward, waving its head and large rhinophore stalks. It exhibits chemotaxis and can select the scented arm of a Y-maze, crawling against current flow when the water contains food extracts. In the natural environment, D. iris is able to locate P. fimbriatus in both the presence and absence of currents. Feeding behaviour is described under three phases from observations made in situ and in aquaria: (i) In the detection of food and during the food-seeking phase, D. iris advances towards its prey while waving its head. (ii) After contact has been made, the opisthobranch centres its oral region by alternatively touching left and right frontal processes to the tentacles of the prey. Head waving continues with upward movement and anterior protraction (i.e., lunge) of the oral region. (iii) Finally, the bite-strike response is exhibited, followed by further bite strikes and intermittent closings of the masticatory margins. Retraction of the radula brings anemone tentacles through the opened masticatory margins. The masticatory margins function to cut food into pieces, which are then thrust into the esophagus by the radula.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document