scholarly journals Optical Intrinsic Signal Imaging Responses Are Modulated in Rodent Somatosensory Cortex during Simultaneous Whisker and Forelimb Stimulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 968-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne J. Blood ◽  
Arthur W. Toga
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Response Magnitude ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Optical Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Individual Trial ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Different Response

Optical intrinsic signal imaging(OIS) was used to investigate physiologic interactions between spatially and functionally distinct cortical somatosensory systems. The OIS response magnitude was evaluated after simultaneous stimulation of single whiskers and forelimb digits. Whisker C1 was deflected at a frequency of 10 Hz for 2 seconds while low- or high-intensity vibratory stimuli were applied to forelimb digits. The OIS responses to simultaneous whisker and forelimb stimulation were compared with lone whisker stimulated controls. Overall, addition of a second stimulus caused decreases in barrel cortex response magnitude. Three different response patterns were detected within individual trial sets. Modulation of barrel cortex evoked potentials provided evidence that changes in OIS responses observed here may be partially influenced by vascular responses to changes in neuronal activity. However, OIS responses in the barrel region during lone forelimb stimulation that were unaccompanied by evoked potentials suggested the possibility of independent vascular dynamic influences on response modulation. This study demonstrates that cortical responses at the level of primary sensory processing may be significantly influenced by activity in adjacent regions. Furthermore, it reveals that vascular and neuronal characteristics of interregional modulation do not co-localize and may produce responses in which one component increases while the other decreases.

scholarly journals Stimulus Parameters Influence Characteristics of Optical Intrinsic Signal Responses in Somatosensory Cortex

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne J. Blood ◽  
Sanjiv M. Narayan ◽  
Arthur W. Toga
Keyword(s):  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Response Magnitude ◽  
Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Optical Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Signal Response

Optical imaging of intrinsic signals was performed in the barrel cortex of the rat during whisker deflections of varying frequencies (1 to 20 Hz) and durations (0.1 to 5 s). A dose–response relationship was shown between these stimuli and the characteristics of the optically recorded intrinsic signal response. At constant frequencies, longer stimulus durations increased response magnitude, as defined by mean pixel value in statistically determined regions of interest. At constant durations, higher stimulus frequencies increased response magnitude. Response magnitude was also increased by greater numbers of deflections. When stimulus number was constant, there were no differences in response magnitude, regardless of stimulus frequency and duration. Spatial extent of responses, as defined by number of pixels in regions of interest, did not differ between stimulus frequencies, durations, or numbers. Comparison of the time to reach peak intrinsic signal response after stimulus onset (“time-to-peak”) suggested that higher frequencies were associated with faster time-to-peak. Registration of intrinsic signal responses with cytochrome oxidase-stained whisker barrels demonstrated that responses were located over the barrel corresponding to the stimulated whisker. In summary, we have shown that the absolute number of stimuli delivered to the system is, at least for short stimulus periods (≤5 s), a determining factor for the magnitude of these responses, whereas stimulus frequency appears to influence time-to-peak response.

scholarly journals Temporally Staggered Forelimb Stimulation Modulates Barrel Cortex Optical Intrinsic Signal Responses to Whisker Stimulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 422-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne J. Blood ◽  
Nader Pouratian ◽  
Arthur W. Toga
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Response Magnitude ◽  
Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Optical Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Whisker Stimulation

Characterization of neurovascular relationships is critical to accurate interpretation of functional neuroimaging data. We have previously observed spatial uncoupling of optical intrinsic signal imaging (OIS) and evoked potential (EP) responses in rodent barrel cortex following simultaneous whisker and forelimb stimulation, leading to changes in OIS response magnitude. To further test the hypothesis that this uncoupling may have resulted from “passive” overspill of perfusion-related responses between functional regions, we conducted the present study using temporally staggered rather than simultaneous whisker and forelimb stimulation. This paradigm minimized overlap of neural responses in barrel cortex and forelimb primary somatosensory cortex (SI), while maintaining overlap of vascular response time courses between regions. When contrasted with responses to 1.5-s lone-whisker stimulation, staggered whisker and forelimb stimulation resulted in broadening of barrel cortex OIS response time course in the temporal direction of forelimb stimulation. OIS response peaks were also temporally shifted toward the forelimb stimulation period; time-to-peak was shorter (relative to whisker stimulus onset) when forelimb stimulation preceded whisker stimulation and longer when forelimb stimulation followed whisker stimulation. In contrast with OIS and EP magnitude decreases previously observed during simultaneous whisker/forelimb stimulation, barrel cortex OIS response magnitude increased during staggered stimulation and no detectable changes in underlying EP activity were observed. Spatial extent of barrel cortex OIS responses also increased during staggered stimulation. These findings provide further evidence for spatial uncoupling of OIS and EP responses, and emphasize the importance of temporal stimulus properties on the effects of this uncoupling. It is hypothesized that spatial uncoupling is a result of passive overspill of perfusion-related responses into regions distinct from those which are functionally active. It will be important to consider potential influences of this uncoupling when designing and interpreting functional imaging studies that use hemodynamic responses to infer underlying neural activity.

scholarly journals Spatial Integration of Vascular Changes with Neural Activity in Mouse Cortex

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Erinjeri ◽  
Thomas A. Woolsey
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Intrinsic Signals ◽  
Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Cortical Columns ◽  
Optical Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Mouse Cortex

The authors evaluated representations of discretely activated, neighboring brain regions using real-time optical intrinsic signals by transcranial imaging with 540-nm and 610-nm broadband illumination of the mouse barrel cortex. Iron filings were glued to two neighboring whiskers (C2 + D2) that were stimulated magnetically, singly and together. Real-time images were collected, averaged, and analyzed statistically. Postmortem filling of arteries with fluorescent beads was shown in relation to histochemical staining of barrels to accurately relate surface changes to functional cortical columns. Significant optical intrinsic signal changes are related to overlapping distributions of arterioles that feed the two separate areas. Activation of adjacent and interacting cortical columns leads not only to increased magnitude of vascular responses in those columns, but also to wider spatial extent of absorption changes occurring principally in areas of cortex fed by vessels upstream of the active cortex. The localization of changing hemoglobin absorption around upstream blood vessels and their vascular domains suggests that propagated vasodilation of upstream parent vessels is greater when vasodilatory signals from separate areas of active cortex converge on common arterioles that feed them.

Encoding of graded changes in spatial specificity of prior cues in human visual cortex

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 2834-2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Hara ◽  
Justin L. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Prior Information ◽  
Prior Probability ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Response Magnitude ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Contrast Discrimination ◽  
Spatial Specificity

Prior information about the relevance of spatial locations can vary in specificity; a single location, a subset of locations, or all locations may be of potential importance. Using a contrast-discrimination task with four possible targets, we asked whether performance benefits are graded with the spatial specificity of a prior cue and whether we could quantitatively account for behavioral performance with cortical activity changes measured by blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) imaging. Thus we changed the prior probability that each location contained the target from 100 to 50 to 25% by cueing in advance 1, 2, or 4 of the possible locations. We found that behavioral performance (discrimination thresholds) improved in a graded fashion with spatial specificity. However, concurrently measured cortical responses from retinotopically defined visual areas were not strictly graded; response magnitude decreased when all 4 locations were cued (25% prior probability) relative to the 100 and 50% prior probability conditions, but no significant difference in response magnitude was found between the 100 and 50% prior probability conditions for either cued or uncued locations. Also, although cueing locations increased responses relative to noncueing, this cue sensitivity was not graded with prior probability. Furthermore, contrast sensitivity of cortical responses, which could improve contrast discrimination performance, was not graded. Instead, an efficient-selection model showed that even if sensory responses do not strictly scale with prior probability, selection of sensory responses by weighting larger responses more can result in graded behavioral performance benefits with increasing spatial specificity of prior information.

scholarly journals The influence of the dynamics and the level of maturity of the cortical functions as a prerequisite for the development of speech in children

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Maja Davidovic ◽  
Jadranka Otasevic ◽  
Nada Dobrota-Davidovic ◽  
Ivana Petronic ◽  
Dragomir Davidovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Articulation Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Waveform Amplitude ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Introduction/Objective. The development of speech is the result of interaction of different systems of the cortex, which gradually acquires the ability of phonological presentation and motor control, in the presence of a series of physical and physiological changes in the morphology of the articulation system. The objective of the study was to examine the impact of laterality and cortical responses on the development of speech in children. Methods. Research is a quasi-experimental design with two groups. The sample covered 60 children from Belgrade, of both sexes, ages 5.5?7 years, divided into two groups, experimental (30) and control (30). We used the following instruments: test for assessing laterality and ascertaining evoked potentials. Results. On the visual lateralization subtest there was a statistically significant difference (?2 = 7.56, p < 0.05) between the observed groups. The visual evoked potentials on all measured parameters gave a statistically significant difference between the groups: waveform cortical responses ? left (?2 = 30.00, df = 1, p < 0.05); cortical responses ? right (?2 = 6.667, df = 1 , p < 0.05); waveform amplitude ? left (?2 = 13.469, df = 1, p < 0.05); amplitude ? right (?2 = 40.00, df = 1, p < 0.05), somatosensory potentials (?2 = 18.261, df = 1, p <0.05); waveform amplitude (?2 = 12.000, df = 1, p < 0.05); waveform latency (?2 = 5.455, df = 1, p < 0.05). Conclusion. Visual laterality, as well as visual and somatosensory cortical responses to stimuli is better in children without the present articulation disorder, which could be used for timely prevention planning.

Some clues to the nature of semantic development

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Donaldson ◽  
James McGarrigle
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Semantic Development ◽  
Different Response

ABSTRACTStudies of comprehension of the quantifiers all and more are reported. The subjects were children between the ages of three and five. There were two main conditions. In one of these the objects to which the quantifiers related were enclosed in containers which either were or were not filled by the objects. In the other no containers were present. These conditions yielded substantially different response patterns. The relation of the findings to those typically obtained from Piagetian conservation tasks is discussed; and the implications for theories of semantic development are considered.

Two novel tetraphenylethylene-skeleton salamo-type fluorescent probes: Specific recognition of cyanide through different response patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-Xia Sun ◽  
Zhuang-Zhuang Chen ◽  
Geng Guo ◽  
Ruo-Yu Li ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Specific Recognition ◽  
Different Response

Based on tetraphenylethylene as the skeleton, two novel salamo-type fluorescent probes (TPES1 = 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde O-(3-(((-2-hydroxy-5-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)benzylidene)amino)oxy)propyl) oxime and TPES2 = bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde O-(3-(((2-hydroxy-5-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)benzylidene)amino)oxy)propyl) dioxime) were designed and synthesized. Through the colorimetric and...

Exploring the Role of Complexity, Content and Individual Differences in Aesthetic Reactions to Semi-Abstract Art Photographs

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-119
Author(s):  
Nathalie Vissers ◽  
Pieter Moors ◽  
Dominique Genin ◽  
Johan Wagemans
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Science Collaboration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Response

Artistic photography is an interesting, but often overlooked, medium within the field of empirical aesthetics. Grounded in an art–science collaboration with art photographer Dominique Genin, this project focused on the relationship between the complexity of a photograph and its aesthetic appeal (beauty, pleasantness, interest). An artistic series of 24 semi-abstract photographs that play with multiple layers, recognisability vs unrecognizability and complexity was specifically created and selected for the project. A large-scale online study with a broad range of individuals (n = 453, varying in age, gender and art expertise) was set up. Exploratory data-driven analyses revealed two clusters of individuals, who responded differently to the photographs. Despite the semi-abstract nature of the photographs, differences seemed to be driven more consistently by the ‘content’ of the photograph than by its complexity levels. No consistent differences were found between clusters in age, gender or art expertise. Together, these results highlight the importance of exploratory, data-driven work in empirical aesthetics to complement and nuance findings from hypotheses-driven studies, as they allow to go further than a priori assumptions, to explore underlying clusters of participants with different response patterns, and to point towards new venues for future research. Data and code for the analyses reported in this article can be found at https://osf.io/2fws6/.

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