MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL RESISTANCE TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS: A WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION SYMPOSIUM.

The aims of this systematic review are to provide knowledge concerning population pharmacokinetics of isoniazid (INH) and to identify factors influencing INH pharmacokinetic variability. Pubmed and Embase databases were systematically searched from inception to July, 2017. Relevant articles from reference lists were also included. All population pharmacokinetic studies of INH written in English, conducted in human (either healthy subjects or pulmonary tuberculosis patients) were included in this review. Ten studies were included in this review. Most studies characterized a two-compartment model with first-order kinetics for INH with a transit-compartment model for absorption suggested. Frequently reported significant predictors for INH clearance is NAT2 acetylator types (slow/intermediate/fast), while weight is a significant covariate for INH volume of distribution (both central and peripheral). In children, enzyme maturation had a profound affect on INH clearance. Keywords: Population pharmacokinetics, Isoniazid. References [1] World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Report 2019. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf (accessed 18 December 2019).[2] United Nations, Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development, New York, USA, 2015.[3] K. Takayama, L. Wang, H.L. David, Effect of isoniazid on the in vivo mycolic acid synthesis, cell growth, and viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2.1 (1972) 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.2.1.29 [4] A. Jindani, V.R. Aber, E. A. Edwards, D. A. Mitchison, The early bactericidal activity of drugs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 121(6) (1980) 939-49. https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1980.121.6.939 [5] P.R. Donald, The influence of human N-acetyltransferase genotype on the early bactericidal activity of isoniazid. Clin Infect Dis 39(10) (2004) 1425-30. https://doi.org/10.1086/424999 [6] D.A. Mitchison, Basic mechanisms of chemotherapy, Chest 76(6 Suppl) (1979) 771-81. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.76.6_supplement.771 [7] H. McIlleron et al., Determinants of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol pharmacokinetics in a cohort of tuberculosis patients, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50(4) (2006) 1170-7. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.4.1170-1177.2006 [8] S. Chideya et al., Isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide pharmacokinetics and treatment outcomes among a predominantly HIV-infected cohort of adults with tuberculosis from Botswana, Clin Infect Dis 48(12) (2009) 1685-94. https://doi.org/10.1086/599040 [9] N. Singh et al., Study of NAT2 gene polymorphisms in an Indian population: association with plasma isoniazid concentration in a cohort of tuberculosis patients. Mol Diagn Ther 13(1) (2009) 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03256314 [10] N. Buchanan, C. Eyberg, M.D. Davis, Isoniazid pharmacokinetics in kwashiorkor. S Afr Med J 56(8) (1979) 299-300.[11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1999), "Guidance for Industry. Populationpharmacokinetics",Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../Guidances/UCM072137.pdf[12] D. R Mould, R. N. Upton, Basic concepts in population modeling, simulation, and model‐based drug development, CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology 1(9) (2012) 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/psp.2012.4 [13] P. Denti et al., Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients in Tanzania, PLoS ONE 10(10) (2015), e0141002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141002 [14] B. Guiastrennec et al., Suboptimal Antituberculosis Drug Concentrations and Outcomes in Small and HIV-Coinfected Children in India: Recommendations for Dose Modifications, Clin Pharmacol Ther 104(4) (2017), 733-741. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.987 [15] M. Kinzig-Schippers et al., Should we use N-acetyltransferase type 2 genotyping to personalize isoniazid doses?, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49(5) (2005), 1733-1738. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.5.1733-1738.2005 [16] J.J. Kiser et al., Isoniazid pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dosing in South African infants, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 34(4) (2012) 446-451. https://doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0b013e31825c4bc3 [17] L. Lalande, Population modeling and simulation study of the pharmacokinetics and antituberculosis pharmacodynamics of isoniazid in lungs, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59(9) (2015) 5181-5189. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00462-15 [18] C. Magis-Escurra et al., Population pharmacokinetics and limited sampling strategy for first-line tuberculosis drugs and moxifloxacin, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 44(3) (2014) 229-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.04.019 [19] C.A. Peloquin et al., Population pharmacokinetic modeling of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41(12) (1997) 2670-2679. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.12.2670 [20] K.Y. Seng et al., Population pharmacokinetic analysis of isoniazid, acetylisoniazid, and isonicotinic acid in healthy volunteers, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59(11) (2015) 6791-6799. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01244-15 [21] J.J. Wilkins et al., Variability in the population pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in South African tuberculosis patients, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 72(1) (2011) 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03940.x [22] S.P. Zvada et al., Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin, pyrazinamide and isoniazid in children with tuberculosis: In silico evaluation of currently recommended doses, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69(5) (2014) 1339-1349. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt524 [23] World Health Organization, Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children (No. WHO/HTM/TB/2014.03). World Health Organization, 2014.[24] World Health Organization, & Stop TB Initiative (World Health Organization), Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines. World Health Organization, 2010.[25] J.S. Starke, S.M, Tuberculosis in: James D. Cherry, Ralph D. Feigin (Eds.), Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases., Saunders: Philadelphia, 1998 pp. 1196-1238. [26] J.G. Pasipanodya, S. Srivastava, T. Gumbo, Meta-analysis of clinical studies supports the pharmacokinetic variability hypothesis for acquired drug resistance and failure of antituberculosis therapy, Clinical Infectious Diseases 55(2) (2012) 169-177. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis353

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Resistencia Bacteriana a Desinfectantes en áreas comunes de oficinas

Revista de la Asociación Colombiana de Ciencias Biológicas ◽

10.47499/revistaaccb.v1i33.225 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 60-74

Author(s):

Neyel Gabriela Monsalve A ◽

Johanna Marcela Moscoso Gama

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Quaternary Ammonium ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Health Organization

Introduction. The use of different chemical agents for the attenuation, treatment and control of microorganisms has been increasing, the lack of control and knowledge of these products is generating a change in the genome in microorganisms, causing resistance to normal concentrations of biocides. Objective: To carry out a systematic review on bacterial resistance to disinfectants in common office areas. Methods: Systematic review of databases; Scielo, Elsevier, Pubmed and ACS Publications research, and secondary sources such as PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) and WHO (World Health Organization), among others, using terms such as; Bacterial resistance, disinfection, occupational or professional diseases and resistance to disinfectants. Results: Enterobacter sp.: resistant to Quaternary Ammonium (QAC), halogen-based disinfectants and 37% formaldehyde; Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 71% of isolates multiresistant to antibiotics, 43% reduced susceptibility to QAC, triclosan (TC) and Benzalkonium (BAC), and 24 isolates resistant to antimicrobial agents. M. massiliense BRA 100 susceptible to orthophthaldehyde (OPA), peracetic acid (PA), and high concentrations of glutaraldehyde. Clinical isolates of multiresistant strains to antibiotics such as: MRSA, Enterococcus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 52% and 38% strains were resistant to quaternary ammonium and phenol compounds, respectively. Conclusions: The presence of resistant microorganisms in common places such as; floors, light switches, door handles, desks and chairs, among others, enunciates a public health problem that must begin to be addressed, changing the methodologies used for disinfection, and other control and prevention measures.

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Highlights Regarding The Use Of Metallic Nanoparticles Against Pathogens Considered A Priority By The World Health Organization

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867327666200513080719 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

Author(s):

Patricia Bento da Silva ◽

Victor Hugo Sousa Araújo ◽

Bruno Fonseca-Santos ◽

Mariana Cristina Solcia ◽

Camila Maringolo Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Metallic Nanoparticles ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

The World ◽

A Priority ◽

Health Organization

: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has facilitated the growing resistance of bacteria, and this has become a serious public health problem worldwide. Several microorganisms are still resistant to multiple antibiotics, and are particularly dangerous in the hospital and nursing home environment, and to patients whose care requires devices such as ventilators and intravenous catheters. A list of twelve pathogenic genera, which especially included bacteria that were not affected by different antibiotics, was released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017, and the research and development of new antibiotics against these genera has been considered a priority. Nanotechnology is a tool that offers an effective platform for altering the physical-chemical properties of different materials, thereby enabling the development of several biomedical applications. Owing to their large surface area and high reactivity, metallic particles on the nanometric scale have remarkable physical, chemical, and biological properties. Nanoparticles with sizes between 1 and 100 nm have several applications, mainly as new antimicrobial agents for the control of microorganisms. In the present review, more than 200 reports of various metallic nanoparticles, especially those containing copper, gold, platinum, silver, titanium, and zinc were analyzed with regard to their antibacterial activity. However, of these 200 studies, only 42 reported about trials conducted against the resistant bacteria considered a priority by the WHO. All studies are in the initial stage, and none are in the clinical phase of research.

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A study of the population attitude towards rational use of antibiotics

Slauga. Mokslas ir praktika ◽

10.47458/slauga.2021.2.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (6 (294)) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Zita Petravičienė ◽

Vida Bartašiūnienė ◽

Eligija Židonienė

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Effective Means ◽

New Drugs ◽

World Health ◽

Rational Use ◽

Rational Use Of Medicines ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Rational Use Of Antibiotics

The World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed concern about the threat posed by bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Irresponsible consumption affects the entire ecosystem. Nowadays this has become a problem as their overuse has reached a level where resistance is growing and spreading and new drugs are lacking to meet this challenge [1]. It is not only doctors who have to take responsibility for their unnecessary use, but also each of us – not to engage in self-medication. Alexander Fleming, a British scientist and professor of bacteriology who was the first to discover the antibiotic penicillin, is very important in the history of antibiotics. Until then, doctors did not have effective means to treat infections like gonorrhea, rheumatism, pneumonia. With the discovery of penicillin, the era of antibacterial drugs began. Concerns expressed a few years ago that society may remain unarmed against infections, as before the discovery of antibiotics, are becoming a real threat [2]. The word "rational" is derived from the Latin word rationalis and means reasonable, thoughtful, purposeful, intelligent, clearly understood, based on new scientific methods [3]. The issue of rational use of medicines was first raised at an international conference of the World Health Organization in 1985 in Nairobi. The principles of rational use of medicines say that the patient must receive high-quality, safe and effective medicines when he needs them, taking into account his clinical characteristics, by individual doses, for the appropriate period, at appropriate intervals, only for a certain time, at an affordable price, with the right information [4]. The majority of the participants of the study stated that antibiotics kill bacteria and less than half - that it kills viruses. The study showed that less than half of the population treats themselves without consulting a doctor. The aim of the study is to reveal the attitude of the population towards the rational use of antibiotics.

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