Transplant Graft Has Potential to Counterattack Host Immune Response: Exploring Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms.

2014 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
M. Morita ◽  
K. Brown ◽  
C. Miller ◽  
J. Fung ◽  
L. Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Host Immune Response

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: From Structure to Pathology, Host Immune Response and Therapeutic Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1468
Author(s):  
Grigore Mihaescu ◽  
Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc ◽  
Ciprian Iliescu ◽  
Corneliu Ovidiu Vrancianu ◽  
Lia-Mara Ditu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Multiplication Cycle ◽  
Wide Range

Coronaviruses are large, enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome, infecting both humans and a wide range of wild and domestic animals. SARS-CoV-2, the agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, has 80% sequence homology with SARS-CoV-1 and 96–98% homology with coronaviruses isolated from bats. The spread of infection is favored by prolonged exposure to high densities of aerosols indoors. Current studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 is much more stable than other coronaviruses and viral respiratory pathogens. The severe forms of infection are associated with several risk factors, including advanced age, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, chronic inflammatory or autoimmune disease, and other preexisting infectious diseases, all having in common the pre-existence of a pro-inflammatory condition. Consequently, it is essential to understand the relationship between the inflammatory process and the specific immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we present a general characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (origin, sensitivity to chemical and physical factors, multiplication cycle, genetic variability), the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 pathology, the host immune response and discuss how the inflammatory conditions associated with different diseases could increase the risk of COVID-19. Last, but not least, we briefly review the SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, pharmacology, and future approaches toward vaccine development.

Strategies for search of pharmacological drugs against SARS-CoV-2 on the base of studying the structural-genetic features of coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-296
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Vashchenko ◽  
Vladimir N. Vilyaninov ◽  
Petr D. Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Medication Cost ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

A sudden outbreak of COVID-19 caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, in Wuhan, China in December 2019 quickly grew into a global pandemic, putting at risk not only the global healthcare system, but also the world economy. As the disease continues to spread rapidly, the development of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches is urgently required. Although some progress has been made in understanding the viral structure and invasion mechanism of coronaviruses that may cause severe cases of the syndrome, due to the limited understanding of the immune effects caused by SARS-CoV-2, it is difficult for us to prevent patients from developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis (PF), the major complications of coronavirus infection. Therefore, any potential treatments should focus not only on direct killing of coronaviruses and prevention strategies by vaccine development, but also on keeping in check the acute immune/inflammatory responses, resulting in ARDS and PF. In addition, potential treatments currently under clinical trials focusing on killing coronaviruses or on developing vaccines preventing coronavirus infection largely ignore the host immune response. However, taking care of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with ARDS and PF is considered to be the major difficulty. Therefore, further understanding of the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is extremely important for clinical resolution and saving medication cost. In addition to a breif overview of the structure, infection mechanism, and possible therapeutic approaches, we summarized and compared the hematopathologic effect and immune responses to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Also the basic molecular mechanisms of an atypical pneumonia and molecular targets SARS-CoV-2 that allows to allocate 8 basic directions of search of pharmacological agents for struggle with SARS-CoV-2 are discussed. Mathematical methods of search of perspective preparations for struggle with COVID-19 are in detail discussed. The pathophysiological mechanisms of an infection inducing a lymphopenia or cytokine storm that allows to allocate a special direction of search of pharmacological preparations for struggle against new coronaviruse SARS-CoV-2 are discussed.

scholarly journals Key Limitations and New Insights Into the Toxoplasma gondii Parasite Stage Switching for Future Vaccine Development in Human, Livestock, and Cats

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Noëlle Mévélec ◽  
Zineb Lakhrif ◽  
Isabelle Dimier-Poisson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Naked Dna ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
Immunogenic Proteins ◽  
Cellular Immune

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease affecting human, livestock and cat. Prophylactic strategies would be ideal to prevent infection. In a One Health vaccination approach, the objectives would be the prevention of congenital disease in both women and livestock, prevention/reduction of T. gondii tissue cysts in food-producing animals; and oocyst shedding in cats. Over the last few years, an explosion of strategies for vaccine development, especially due to the development of genetic-engineering technologies has emerged. The field of vaccinology has been exploring safer vaccines by the generation of recombinant immunogenic proteins, naked DNA vaccines, and viral/bacterial recombinants vectors. These strategies based on single- or few antigens, are less efficacious than recombinant live-attenuated, mostly tachyzoite T. gondii vaccine candidates. Reflections on the development of an anti-Toxoplasma vaccine must focus not only on the appropriate route of administration, capable of inducing efficient immune response, but also on the choice of the antigen (s) of interest and the associated delivery systems. To answer these questions, the choice of the animal model is essential. If mice helped in understanding the protection mechanisms, the data obtained cannot be directly transposed to humans, livestock and cats. Moreover, effectiveness vaccines should elicit strong and protective humoral and cellular immune responses at both local and systemic levels against the different stages of the parasite. Finally, challenge protocols should use the oral route, major natural route of infection, either by feeding tissue cysts or oocysts from different T. gondii strains. Effective Toxoplasma vaccines depend on our understanding of the (1) protective host immune response during T. gondii invasion and infection in the different hosts, (2) manipulation and modulation of host immune response to ensure survival of the parasites able to evade and subvert host immunity, (3) molecular mechanisms that define specific stage development. This review presents an overview of the key limitations for the development of an effective vaccine and highlights the contributions made by recent studies on the mechanisms behind stage switching to offer interesting perspectives for vaccine development.

scholarly journals Roles of Gut Bacteriophages in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingling Qv ◽  
Sunbing Mao ◽  
Yongjun Li ◽  
Jia Zhang ◽  
Lanjuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Main Factors

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic, relapsing intestinal inflammatory disorders. Although the molecular mechanisms governing the pathogenesis of IBD are not completely clear, the main factors are presumed to be a complex interaction between genetic predisposition, host immune response and environmental exposure, especially the intestinal microbiome. Currently, most studies have focused on the role of gut bacteria in the onset and development of IBD, whereas little attention has been paid to the enteroviruses. Among of them, viruses that infect prokaryotes, called bacteriophages (phages) occupy the majority (90%) in population. Moreover, several recent studies have reported the capability of regulating the bacterial population in the gut, and the direct and indirect influence on host immune response. The present review highlights the roles of gut phages in IBD pathogenesis and explores the potentiality of phages as a therapeutic target for IBD treatment.

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