Establishing Paid Parental Leave for Male and Female Physicians

Two themes in legislative activity in 2010 were national uniformity and some movement in using law to promote equality, especially gender equality. The Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) came into full effect with the commencement of the new safety net provisions and the referral to the Commonwealth of industrial relations powers over private-sector workforces in all states except Western Australia. Progress continued on the promised harmonization of Australian occupational health and safety laws with the release of a model Work Health and Safety Bill by Safe Work Australia, although developments in some states threaten to derail the process. An attempt to repeal most of the industry-specific regulation of the building and construction industry failed. The Federal Parliament passed legislation establishing a national paid parental leave scheme, and a number of changes to federal discrimination laws came into effect or were proposed, including the potential consolidation of federal discrimination legislation. This article provides an overview of these developments at federal level and concludes with a discussion of developments in the states including a brief overview of Victoria’s new equal opportunity legislation.

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Among Low-Income Women In San Francisco, Low Awareness Of Paid Parental Leave Benefits Inhibits Take-Up

Health Affairs ◽

10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00157 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (7) ◽

pp. 1157-1165 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julia M. Goodman ◽

Holly Elser ◽

William H. Dow

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Low Income ◽

Parental Leave ◽

Low Income Women ◽

Paid Parental Leave

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Ambivalence about Children in the Family Building Process in Sweden

Finnish Yearbook of Population Research ◽

10.23979/fypr.48423 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 57-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eva Bernhardt ◽

Frances Goldscheider

Keyword(s):

Transition To Parenthood ◽

Parental Leave ◽

Strong Support ◽

Strong Impact ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

First Child ◽

Building Process ◽

The Family ◽

Child Allowances ◽

Paid Parental Leave

Sweden provides strong support for childbearing and parenthood, including generously subsidized medical, maternal, and child care, paid parental leave, and child allowances. In this context, attitudes towards parenthood are likely to have a particularly strong impact on the decision about whether and when to have children. We examine the links between first births and holding attitudes about children, not just of positive and negative attitudes, but also of ambivalence, namely those who both value children but also value the things that compete with parenthood for young adults’ time and other resources. Our analysis shows, measuring attitudes before the transition to parenthood, that ambivalence about childbearing delays the transition to parenthood, but not nearly as much as holding purely negative attitudes. Further, reporting an ambivalent experience from the first child had no significant effect on further childbearing, which testifies to the strong two-child norm in Sweden.

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The Value of Postponing Pregnancy: California’s Paid Family Leave and the Timing of Pregnancies

The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy ◽

10.1515/bejeap-2013-0141 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1467-1499 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shirlee Lichtman-Sadot

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Parental Leave ◽

The United States ◽

Family Status ◽

Hispanic Origin ◽

Monetary Benefit ◽

Education Levels ◽

Lower Education ◽

Paid Parental Leave ◽

Shed Light

Abstract Conditioning a monetary benefit on individuals’ family status can create distortions, even in individuals’ seemingly personal decisions, such as the birth of a child. Birth timing and its response to various policies has been studied by economists in several papers. However, pregnancy timing – i.e. the timing of conception – and its response to policy announcements has not been examined. This paper makes use of a 21-month lag between announcing California’s introduction of the first paid parental leave program in the United States and its scheduled implementation to evaluate whether women timed their pregnancies in order to be eligible for the expected benefit. Using natality data, documenting all births in the United States, a difference-in-differences approach compares California births to births in states outside of California before the program’s introduction and in 2004, the year California introduced paid parental leave. The results show that the distribution of California births in 2004 significantly shifted from the first half of the year to the second half of the year, immediately after the program’s implementation. While the effect is present for all population segments of new mothers, it is largest for disadvantaged mothers – with lower education levels, of Hispanic origin, younger, and not married. These results shed light on the population segments most affected by the introduction of paid parental leave and on the equitable nature of paid parental leave policies.

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Gender Biases in Online Physician Ratings: Female Doctors Evaluated More Harshly by Patients (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.34902 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julia Barnett ◽

Margrét Vilborg Bjarnadóttir ◽

David Anderson ◽

Chong Chen

Keyword(s):

Online Reviews ◽

Physician Services ◽

Female Physicians ◽

Male And Female ◽

Gender Biases ◽

Online Ratings ◽

Physician Reviews ◽

And Gender ◽

State Medical Boards

BACKGROUND Prior research has highlighted gender differences in online physician reviews, however, to date no research has linked online ratings with quality of care. OBJECTIVE To compare a consumer-generated measure of physician quality (online ratings) with a clinical quality outcome (sanctions for malpractice or improper behavior), to understand how patients’ perception and evaluation of doctors differ based on the physician’s gender and quality. METHODS We use data from a large online doctor reviews website and the Federation of State Medical Boards. We implement paragraph vector methods to identify words that are specific to and indicative of the separate groups of physicians. We then enrich these findings by utilizing the NRC word-emotion association lexicon to assign emotional scores to the various segments: gender, gender and sanction, and gender and rating. RESULTS We find significant differences in the sentiment and emotion of reviews for male and female physicians. We find that numerical ratings are lower and the sentiment in text reviews is more negative for women who will be sanctioned than for men who will be sanctioned; sanctioned male doctors are still associated with positive reviews. CONCLUSIONS Conclusions: Given the growing impact of online reviews on demand for physician services, understanding the different reviews faced by male and female physicians is important for consumers and for platform architects in order to revisit their platform design.

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Paid parental leave and fathers’ involvement: capturing fathers’ gender beliefs and fathering perceptions

Families Relationships and Societies ◽

10.1332/204674320x16083746098965 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luisa A. Streckenbach ◽

Laura Castiglioni ◽

Pia S. Schober

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Parental Leave ◽

Positive Association ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Paid Leave ◽

Indirect Care ◽

Paid Parental Leave ◽

Gender Traditionalism

This study examines how multidimensional gender and fathering beliefs of fathers may explain their relative involvement in childcare after considering paid leave uptake. We draw on cross-sectional survey data from one German state, which allow us to distinguish three belief dimensions: (1) gender traditionalism and essentialism, (2) fathering attitudes, and (3) fathering self-concepts and self-efficacy. By means of multiple linear regression models we investigate how the different dimensions of gender and fatherhood beliefs relate to fathers’ relative involvement in basic and indirect childcare tasks. Our results show that gender (essentialist) ideologies and fatherhood attitudes were strongly associated with fathers’ relative involvement in both childcare domains. The higher fathers perceived self-efficacy in fathering, the more involved they were in basic but not indirect care. All belief dimensions mediated the positive association of fathers’ uptake of paid leave with their involvement in basic childcare.

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