Acute kidney injury associated with glomerular diseases

Over the past decade, the relationships between various kidney disease and cancer have been established, but not fully elucidated. Development of acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease as a side effect of cancer treatment is not uncommon. However, renal paraneoplastic diseases are rather unique and less known examples of the association between kidney disease and cancer. These conditions are of importance to the nephrologist as they may be the initial presentation of an underlying malignancy and may not respond to the usual therapies used for their non-paraneoplastic variants. This article will discuss the pathogenesis and challenges in management of paraneoplastic glomerular diseases.

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Renal involvement in pediatric patients with COVID-19: an up-to-date

Current Pediatric Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573396317666210924121550 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Yuri Márcio Campos ◽

André Luís Vieira Drumond ◽

Mariane de Matos Gamonal ◽

Milena Pereira Parreira ◽

Ana Cristina Simões e Silva

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Chronic Renal Disease ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Renal Involvement ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Renal Diseases ◽

Glomerular Diseases ◽

Report Data

Background: In pediatric patients, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been mostly associated with mild symptoms. However, as in adults, renal involvement has been reported in children and adolescents with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: This review aimed to report data about renal involvement in pediatric COVID-9. The focuses were on the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury in Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated (PIMS-TS) with SARS-CoV-2 and the possible impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection upon kidney function, as well as data concerning patients with previous kidney diseases, including Nephrotic Syndrome and Chronic Renal Disease. The implications for COVID-19 outcome in pediatric patients were also discussed. Methods: This integrative review searched for articles on renal involvement in pediatric COVID-19 patients. The databases evaluated were PubMed and Scopus. Results: The emergence of PIMS-TS with SARS-CoV-2 has shown that pediatric patients are at risk of severe COVID-19, with multi-organ involvement and dysfunction. In addition to intense inflammation, several systems are affected in this syndrome, collectively creating a combination of factors that results in acute kidney injury. Several studies have proposed that kidney cells, including the podocytes, might be at risk of direct infection by SARS-CoV-2, as high levels of ACE2, the virus receptor, are expressed on the membrane of such cells. Some cases of glomerular diseases triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection and relapses of previous renal diseases have been reported. Conclusion: Further studies are necessary to establish risk factors for renal involvement in pediatric COVID-19 and to predict disease outcome.

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Nephrology

Oxford Handbook for Medical School ◽

10.1093/med/9780199681907.003.0021 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 413-436

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Nephrotic Syndrome ◽

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Renal Diseases ◽

Glomerular Diseases ◽

Conservative Care ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Intravenous Fluid Administration

Nephrology is the study of the kidney and its diseases. This chapter describes the aetiology, presentation, and management of the main clinical syndromes of acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, glomerular diseases causing nephrotic syndrome, and glomerulonephritis, and the different modalities of renal replacement therapy: haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, renal transplantation, and conservative care. Practical skills of fluid assessment and intravenous fluid administration are discussed, as well as procedures including renal biopsy, dialysis line insertion, and arteriovenous fistula creation. Key components of the ‘renal examination’ and renal investigations are summarized. Renal diseases in the setting of multisystem disorders such as myeloma, rhabdomyolysis, and liver disease are also described.

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