More sensitivity of cortical GABAergic neurons than glutamatergic neurons in response to acidosis

Neuroreport ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 610-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Liu ◽  
Fang Li ◽  
Chunyan Wang ◽  
Zhiqiang Su
Keyword(s):  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons

scholarly journals Coordinated Plasticity between Barrel Cortical Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons during Associative Memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenxia Yan ◽  
Zilong Gao ◽  
Pin Chen ◽  
Li Huang ◽  
Dangui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Associative Memory ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
With Memory ◽  
Odor Signal ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Neural plasticity is associated with memory formation. The coordinated refinement and interaction between cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons remain elusive in associative memory, which we examine in a mouse model of associative learning. In the mice that show odorant-induced whisker motion after pairing whisker and odor stimulations, the barrel cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are recruited to encode the newly learnt odor signal alongside the innate whisker signal. These glutamatergic neurons are functionally upregulated, and GABAergic neurons are refined in a homeostatic manner. The mutual innervations between these glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are upregulated. The analyses by high throughput sequencing show that certain microRNAs related to regulating synapses and neurons are involved in this cross-modal reflex. Thus, the coactivation of the sensory cortices through epigenetic processes recruits their glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons to be the associative memory cells as well as drive their coordinated refinements toward the optimal state for the storage of the associated signals.

scholarly journals Cell type-specific modulation of sensory and affective components of itch in the periaqueductal gray

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay K. Samineni ◽  
Jose G. Grajales-Reyes ◽  
Saranya S. Sundaram ◽  
Judy J. Yoo ◽  
Robert W. Gereau
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Periaqueductal Gray ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Chronic Itch ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Bidirectional Modulation ◽  
Affective Components

Abstract Itch is a distinct aversive sensation that elicits a strong urge to scratch. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the peripheral basis of itch, we know very little regarding how central neural circuits modulate acute and chronic itch processing. Here we establish the causal contributions of defined periaqueductal gray (PAG) neuronal populations in itch modulation in mice. Chemogenetic manipulations demonstrate bidirectional modulation of scratching by neurons in the PAG. Fiber photometry studies show that activity of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the PAG is modulated in an opposing manner during chloroquine-evoked scratching. Furthermore, activation of PAG GABAergic neurons or inhibition of glutamatergic neurons resulted in attenuation of scratching in both acute and chronic pruritis. Surprisingly, PAG GABAergic neurons, but not glutamatergic neurons, may encode the aversive component of itch. Thus, the PAG represents a neuromodulatory hub that regulates both the sensory and affective aspects of acute and chronic itch.

scholarly journals Cadherin-13 is a critical regulator of GABAergic modulation in human stem-cell-derived neuronal networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt Mossink ◽  
Jon-Ruben van Rhijn ◽  
Shan Wang ◽  
Katrin Linda ◽  
Maria R. Vitale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Human Neurons ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Micro Electrode Arrays ◽  
Gabaergic Modulation

AbstractActivity in the healthy brain relies on a concerted interplay of excitation (E) and inhibition (I) via balanced synaptic communication between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. A growing number of studies imply that disruption of this E/I balance is a commonality in many brain disorders; however, obtaining mechanistic insight into these disruptions, with translational value for the patient, has typically been hampered by methodological limitations. Cadherin-13 (CDH13) has been associated with autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CDH13 localizes at inhibitory presynapses, specifically of parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) expressing GABAergic neurons. However, the mechanism by which CDH13 regulates the function of inhibitory synapses in human neurons remains unknown. Starting from human-induced pluripotent stem cells, we established a robust method to generate a homogenous population of SST and MEF2C (PV-precursor marker protein) expressing GABAergic neurons (iGABA) in vitro, and co-cultured these with glutamatergic neurons at defined E/I ratios on micro-electrode arrays. We identified functional network parameters that are most reliably affected by GABAergic modulation as such, and through alterations of E/I balance by reduced expression of CDH13 in iGABAs. We found that CDH13 deficiency in iGABAs decreased E/I balance by means of increased inhibition. Moreover, CDH13 interacts with Integrin-β1 and Integrin-β3, which play opposite roles in the regulation of inhibitory synaptic strength via this interaction. Taken together, this model allows for standardized investigation of the E/I balance in a human neuronal background and can be deployed to dissect the cell-type-specific contribution of disease genes to the E/I balance.

scholarly journals Expression of serotonin 1A and 2A receptors in molecular- and projection-defined neurons of the mouse insular cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anes Ju ◽  
Beatriz Fernandez-Arroyo ◽  
Yifan Wu ◽  
Débora Jacky ◽  
Anna Beyeler
Keyword(s):  
Partial Agonist ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Serotonin 2A

Abstract The serotonin (5-HT) system is the target of multiple anxiolytics, including Buspirone, which is a partial agonist of the serotonin 1A receptor (5‑HT1A). Similarly, ligands of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) were shown to alter anxiety level. The 5-HT1A and 2A receptors are widely expressed across the brain, but the target region(s) underlying the influence of those receptors on anxiety remain unknown. Interestingly, recent studies in human and non-human primates have shown that the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A binding potential within the insular cortex (insula) are correlated to anxiety. As an initial step to define the function of 5‑HT transmission in the insula, we quantified the proportion of specific neuronal populations of the insula expressing 5‑HT1A or 5‑HT2A. We analyzed seven neural populations, including three defined by a molecular marker (putative glutamate, GABA or parvalbumin), and four defined by their projections to different downstream targets. First, we found that more than 70% of putative glutamatergic neurons, and only 30% of GABAergic neurons express the 5‑HT1A. Second, within insular projection neurons, 5-HT1A is highly expressed (75-80%) in the populations targeting one sub-nuclei of the amygdala (central or basolateral), or targeting the rostral or caudal sections of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Similarly, 70% of putative glutamatergic neurons and only 30% of insular GABAergic neurons contain 5-HT2A. Finally, the 5-HT2A is present in a majority of insula-amygdala and insula-LH projection neurons (73-82%). These observations suggest that most glutamatergic neurons can respond to 5‑HT through 5-HT1A or 5‑HT2A in the insula, and that 5-HT directly affects a limited number of GABAergic neurons. This study defines a molecular and neuroanatomical map of the 5-HT system within the insular cortex, providing ground knowledge to identify the potential role of serotonergic modulation of selective insular populations in anxiety.

scholarly journals Expression of serotonin 1A and 2A receptors in molecular- and projection-defined neurons of the mouse insular cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anes Ju ◽  
Beatriz Fernandez-Arroyo ◽  
Yifan Wu ◽  
Débora Jacky ◽  
Anna Beyeler
Keyword(s):  
Partial Agonist ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Target Region ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Serotonin 2A

Abstract The serotonin (5-HT) system is the target of multiple anxiolytics, including Buspirone, which is a partial agonist of the serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A). Similarly, ligands of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) were shown to alter anxiety level. The 5-HT1A and 2A receptors are widely expressed across the brain, but the target region(s) underlying the influence of those receptors on anxiety remain unknown. Interestingly, recent studies in human and non-human primates have shown that the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A binding potentials within the insular cortex (insula) are correlated to anxiety. As an initial step to define the function of 5-HT transmission in the insula, we quantified the proportion of specific neuronal populations of the insula expressing 5-HT1A or 5-HT2A. We analyzed seven neural populations, including three defined by a molecular marker (putative glutamate, GABA or parvalbumin), and four defined by their projections to different downstream targets. First, we found that more than 70% of putative glutamatergic neurons, and only 30% of GABAergic neurons express the 5-HT1A. Second, within insular projection neurons, 5-HT1A is highly expressed (75–80%) in the populations targeting one sub-nuclei of the amygdala (central or basolateral), or targeting the rostral or caudal sections of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Similarly, 70% of putative glutamatergic neurons and only 30% of insular GABAergic neurons contain 5-HT2A. Finally, the 5-HT2A is present in a majority of insula-amygdala and insula-LH projection neurons (73–82%). These observations suggest that most glutamatergic neurons can respond to 5-HT through 5-HT1A or 5-HT2A in the insula, and that 5-HT directly affects a limited number of GABAergic neurons. This study defines a molecular and neuroanatomical map of the 5-HT system within the insular cortex, providing ground knowledge to identify the potential role of serotonergic modulation of selective insular populations in anxiety.

scholarly journals Analysis of excitatory and inhibitory neuron types in the inferior colliculus based on Ih properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 2126-2139
Author(s):  
Victor Naumov ◽  
Julia Heyd ◽  
Fauve de Arnal ◽  
Ursula Koch
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Firing Pattern ◽  
Yellow Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Inhibitory Neuron ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurons ◽  
Excitatory Neurons

The inferior colliculus (IC) is a large midbrain nucleus that integrates inputs from many auditory brainstem and cortical structures. Despite its prominent role in auditory processing, the various cell types and their connections within the IC are not well characterized. To further separate GABAergic and non-GABAergic neuron types according to their physiological properties, we used a mouse model that expresses channelrhodopsin and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein in all GABAergic neurons and allows identification of GABAergic cells by light stimulation. Neuron types were classified upon electrophysiological measurements of the hyperpolarizing-activated current ( Ih) in acute brain slices of young adult mice. All GABAergic neurons from our sample displayed slow-activating Ih with moderate amplitudes, whereas a subset of excitatory neurons showed fast-activating Ih with large amplitudes. This is in agreement with our finding that immunoreactivity against the fast-gating hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic-nucleotide-gated 1 (HCN1) channel was present around excitatory neurons, whereas the slow-gating HCN4 channel was found perisomatically around most inhibitory neurons. Ih properties and neurotransmitter types were correlated with firing patterns to depolarizing current pulses. All GABAergic neurons displayed adapting firing patterns very similar to the majority of glutamatergic neurons. About 15% of the glutamatergic neurons showed an onset spiking pattern, always in combination with large and fast Ih. We conclude that HCN channel subtypes are differentially distributed in IC neuron types and correlate with neurotransmitter type and firing pattern. In contrast to many other brain regions, membrane properties and firing patterns were similar in GABAergic neurons and about one-third of the excitatory neurons. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neuron types in the central nucleus of the auditory midbrain are not well characterized regarding their transmitter type, ion channel composition, and firing pattern. The present study shows that GABAergic neurons have slowly activating hyperpolarizing-activated current ( Ih) and an adaptive firing pattern whereas at least four types of glutamatergic neurons exist regarding their Ih properties and firing patterns. Many of the glutamatergic neurons were almost indistinguishable from the GABAergic neurons regarding Ih properties and firing pattern.

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