scholarly journals Conflict between direct and indirect benefits of female choice in desert Drosophila

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elen Oneal ◽  
Tim Connallon ◽  
L Lacey Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Desiccation Stress ◽  
Direct Benefit ◽  
Mating Preferences ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Indirect Fitness ◽  
Direct And Indirect Benefits ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
The Cost

Identifying the factors that contribute to the adaptive significance of mating preferences is one major goal of evolutionary research and is largely unresolved. Both direct and indirect benefits can contribute to mate choice evolution. Failure to consider the interaction between individual consequences of mate choice may obscure the opposing effects of individual costs and benefits. We investigate direct and indirect fitness effects of female choice in a desert fly ( Drosophila mojavensis ), a species where mating confers resistance to desiccation stress. Females prefer males that provide a direct benefit: greater resistance to desiccation stress. Mating preferences also appear to have indirect consequences: daughters of preferred males have lower reproductive success than daughters of unpreferred males, although additional experimentation will be needed to determine if the indirect consequences of female preferences actually arise from ‘sexually antagonistic’ variation. Nevertheless, the results are intriguing and are consistent with the hypothesis that an interaction between direct and indirect benefits maintains sexually antagonistic variation in these desert flies: increased desiccation resistance conferred by mating might offset the cost of producing low-fecundity daughters.

Fieldwork Education: To Charge or Not to Charge?

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol H I Walker ◽  
Filao M Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Health Authority ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Regional Health ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Service Unit ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
Direct And Indirect Benefits ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University

This article examines the arguments for and against charging for occupational therapy fieldwork education. Managers see advantages in separating the cost of education from service costs, but evidence from a study into the costs and benefits of student placements, undertaken by the Department of Occupational Therapy at the University College of Ripon & York St John in collaboration with the Yorkshire Regional Health Authority, highlights some of the disadvantages. A major finding of this study is that students bring both direct and indirect benefits to the service unit in which they are placed.

scholarly journals VALUASI EKONOMI MANFAAT LANGSUNG DAN TIDAK LANGSUNG KAWASAN WADUK CENGKLIK, KABUPATEN BOYOLALI, JAWA TENGAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-332
Author(s):  
Yosua Sandro ◽  
Suradi Wijaya Saputra ◽  
Dian Wijayanto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Direct Benefit ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Direct And Indirect Benefits

ABSTRAK Sumberdaya Waduk Cengklik merupakan sebuah waduk wisata yang terdapat di Desa Ngargorejo, Boyolali. Penelitian yang dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2016 yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai manfaat langsung dan tidak langsung kawasan Waduk Cengklik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan besarnya nilai manfaat langsung dan tidak langsung Waduk Cengklik.Waduk Cengklik memiliki banyak peran penting dari sektor ekologi dan ekonominya. Manfaat Nilai Ekonomi dari Waduk Cengklik dapat ditinjau dari manfaat langsung dan tidak langung. Untuk menganalisis pemanfaatan waduk mengenai hasil valuasi ekonomi digunakan beberapa metode yaitu metode penilaian harga pasar untuk sektor perikanan tangkap, metode biaya perjalanan untuk sektor pariwisata, metode Market Price Method untuk sektor air bersih. Metode penentuan responden menggunakan teknik purposive sampling untuk perikanan tangkap, convenience sampling untuk pariwisata, cluster sampling untuk air bersih, sensus untuk penyedia transportasi, convinience sampling untuk pengguna transportasi dan convenience sampling untuk transportasi serta sampling untuk irigasi. Hasil yang didapatkan dari perhitungan menunjukkan nilai manfaat langsung pada sektor perikanan tangkap yaitu sebesar Rp. 3.384.038.000/tahun, sektor pariwisata sebesar Rp.2.340.591.000/ tahun, sektor air bersih sebesar Rp 73.944.000/tahun, sedangkan sektor transportasi sebesar Rp 55.700.000/tahun. Total nilai ekonomi manfaat langsung yaitu Rp. 5.854.273.000/tahun. Sedangkan nilai ekonomi manfaat tidak langsung yaitu dari sektor irigasi mempunyai nilai ekonomi sebesar Rp.1.245.000.000/tahun.Kata Kunci  : Valuasi Ekonomi, Manfaat Langsung, Manfaat Tidak Langsung, Waduk Cengklik. ABSTRACT                                                                              Cengklik Reservoir Resource is a tourism reservoir located in Ngargorejo Village, Boyolali. The research which was conducted in October 2016 aims to determine the value of direct and indirect benefits of Cengklik Reservoir area. This study intends to determine the value of direct and indirect benefits of Cengklik Reservoir. Cengklik Reservoir possesses many significant roles in both ecological and economic sectors. The Benefit of Economic Value from Cengklik Reservoir can be observed from direct and indirect benefits. In order to analyze the utilization of reservoirs on the economic valuation result, several methods are used: market price valuation method for capture fishery sector, Travel Cost Method for tourism sector, and Market Price Method for clean water sector. This research used purposive sampling technique for capture fishery, convenience sampling for tourism, cluster sampling for clean water, census for transportation provider, convenience sampling for transportation user and convenience sampling for transportation and sampling for irrigation. The results which were obtained from the calculation show the value of direct benefits in fishing sector which is IDR 3 384 038 000 per years, tourism sector of IDR 2 340 591 000 per years, clean water sector of IDR  73 944 000 per years, while transportation sector of IDR 55 700 000 per years. Total economic value of direct benefit is IDR  5 854 273 000 per years. While the economic value of indirect benefits from irrigation sector has an economic value of  IDR 1 245 000 000 per years.Keywords: Economic Valuation, Direct Benefit, Indirect Benefit, Cengklik Reservoir.

Female and Male Mate Choice

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-52
Author(s):  
Ingo Schlupp
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Male Mate Choice ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
Male Mate

Females choose mating partners for three main reasons: direct benefits, indirect benefits, and compatibility, either genetic or social. In this chapter I am not trying to look at all angles of mate choice, but to give a short overview of female choice to provide a basis for a comparison with male choice. This will highlight what studies are needed to reach a more complete picture of sexual selection. I would summarize the chapter like this: it’s the ecology, stupid.

scholarly journals SHARE OF EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE IN TOTAL BUDGETARY OUTLAY IN MIZORAM (INDIA): AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Dr. Lalfakawmi
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
National Development ◽  
Development Education ◽  
Direct Benefit ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Expenditure Growth ◽  
Direct And Indirect Benefits

Increased public expenditure leads to an improvement in educational sector and further to national development. Education improves the quality of lives, yields direct and indirect benefits to both the individuals and society. The most obvious direct benefit is that educated workers receive incomes higher than those who are less educated. In this study, attempt is made to analyze - the growth trends of public expenditure on education, its share out of the total budgetary outlay and as the percentage of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Mizoram for the period of 1981-82 to 2013-14. KEY WORDS: education, public expenditure, growth, budgetary outlay.

What Males Choose: Differences in Female Quality

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Ingo Schlupp
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Male Mate Choice ◽  
Male Quality ◽  
Female Fecundity ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Female Quality ◽  
Male Mate

In female choice, differences in male quality are very important. Males display to females to provide information often via costly ornaments. Females also differ in quality, but what they display to males is less clear. Also, how males evaluate differences in female quality is not well understood. From the literature on male mate choice one might conclude that female fecundity is the most important feature a female can display to a choosy male, but I argue that there must be many more features of females that are important in male mate choice, maybe even indirect benefits.

scholarly journals Fixed and dilutable benefits: female choice for good genes or fertility

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 334-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Tazzyman ◽  
Robert M. Seymour ◽  
Andrew Pomiankowski
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Female Preference ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Good Genes ◽  
Direct Benefit

Benefits accruing to females who exercise mate choice have been defined to be either ‘direct’ or ‘indirect’. We suggest an alternative distinction: benefits can be considered ‘fixed’, meaning they are on average equal to all females mating with the same male (e.g. good genes' benefits) or ‘dilutable’, meaning they are shared between females mating with the same male, so that the more mates a male has, the lower the average benefit to each (e.g. fertility benefits or many forms of direct benefit). Using a simple model, we show that this distinction has a major effect on the form of female preference. We predict that mating skew will be far greater in species where the benefits are fixed when compared with those where the benefits are dilutable.

Female Choice in Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler (Locustella Ochotensis)

The Auk ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Food Abundance ◽  
Territory Size ◽  
Territory Quality ◽  
Female Mate ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Grasshopper Warbler

Abstract Morphological and territorial factors that influence female mate choice were examined in the monogamous Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler (Locustella ochotensis) on an islet near Fukuoka, Japan. I assumed that pairing date corresponded with female mate choice. Pairing date was correlated with both territory size and food abundance but was not correlated with selected morphological characteristics of males. Territorial quality was assumed to be correlated with territory size because preferable food resources and nest sites were distributed randomly. I conclude that female mate choice was influenced by territory quality rather than by the morphological characteristics of males.

scholarly journals Gamete-mediated mate choice: towards a more inclusive view of sexual selection

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1883) ◽  
pp. 20180836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Kekäläinen ◽  
Jonathan P. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Random Interactions ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Everyday

‘Sperm competition’—where ejaculates from two or more males compete for fertilization—and ‘cryptic female choice’—where females bias this contest to suit their reproductive interests—are now part of the everyday lexicon of sexual selection. Yet the physiological processes that underlie these post-ejaculatory episodes of sexual selection remain largely enigmatic. In this review, we focus on a range of post-ejaculatory cellular- and molecular-level processes, known to be fundamental for fertilization across most (if not all) sexually reproducing species, and point to their putative role in facilitating sexual selection at the level of the cells and gametes, called ‘gamete-mediated mate choice’ (GMMC). In this way, we collate accumulated evidence for GMMC across different mating systems, and emphasize the evolutionary significance of such non-random interactions among gametes. Our overall aim in this review is to build a more inclusive view of sexual selection by showing that mate choice often acts in more nuanced ways than has traditionally been assumed. We also aim to bridge the conceptual divide between proximal mechanisms of reproduction, and adaptive explanations for patterns of non-random sperm–egg interactions that are emerging across an increasingly diverse array of taxa.

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