Léo Edmond Marion, 22 March 1899 - 16 July 1979

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 357-370
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Research Council ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Biographical Memoir ◽  
Growth Of Science ◽  
Term Objective

Léo Marion’s life coincided with World War I as a youth in a family of seven of very modest means, with the start of the Great Depression on the achievement of his Ph.D. degree, with World War II during his middle age and, thereafter, with the emergence of his country from colonial to independent status. He saw the growth of science in Canada from a bare presence to an important component of world science. The quality of his remarkable career should be measured accordingly. He had no advantages except for a fine mind and ‘an early natural taste for science encouraged by my mother’. To appreciate Léo Marion properly, one should read the biographical memoir he wrote with such loving care for the person with whom he worked hand in hand for over 23 years and which saw the blossoming of the National Research Council of Canada and the flourishing of science in Canada. To an important degree, he spoke as much for himself as for E. W. R. Steacie ( Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society , vol. 10, 1964) since we know that these two truly exceptional individuals worked so harmoniously and closely together toward commonly held objectives for the development of chemistry in Canada that their contributions in this regard cannot be separated. Both were especially distinguished for their deep interest in helping people who did good work. Together they set the best world standards for chemistry in Canada and strove successfully toward this goal with a vigour and dedication that is truly remarkable. The dangers of a bureaucratic planning of science was wisely understood and the foremost objective was to establish a scientific institution for creative work that minimized the evils of uniformity and arbitrary bureaucratic interference. The longer term objective of spilling excellence from within the National Research Council into the Canadian universities was achieved.

War and the Next Lesson

Money ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith ◽  
James K. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
World War I ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
The Great Depression

This chapter examines the lessons of World War II with respect to money and monetary policy. World War I exposed the fragility of the monetary structure that had gold as its foundation, the great boom of the 1920s showed how futile monetary policy was as an instrument of restraint, and the Great Depression highlighted the ineffectuality of monetary policy for rescuing the country from a slump—for breaking out of the underemployment equilibrium once this had been fully and firmly established. On the part of John Maynard Keynes, the lesson was that only fiscal policy ensured not just that money was available to be borrowed but that it would be borrowed and would be spent. The chapter considers the experiences of Britain, Germany, and the United States with a lesson of World War II: that general measures for restraining demand do not prevent inflation in an economy that is operating at or near capacity.

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AND TAX REGIMES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1763 TO THE PRESENT

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Elliot Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
World War ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
The Republic

The essay explores how ideas about social justice and economic performance shaped the debates over federal taxation in the United States since the origins of the republic. The debates were most intense during major national emergencies (the American Revolution, the Civil War, World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II), and each debate produced a new tax regime-a tax system with its own characteristic tax base, rate structure, administration apparatus, and social purpose. The criterion of "ability to pay" and a concern for economic efficiency powerfully shaped the formation of every tax regime, but "ability to pay" became the more influential of the two considerations during the national crises of the twentieth century.

Financing Industrial Expansion for War: The Origin of the Defense Plant Corporation Leases

1949 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald T. White
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
War Finance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
New Facilities

One of the recent tendencies in the United States has been the movement away from private methods of finance to finance through government agencies, a trend that has been particularly noticeable during periods of national catastrophe such as wars and depressions. In these periods we have seen, in addition to other sources of government financing, the use of the War Finance Corporation during World War I and the use on a far larger scale of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation during the Great Depression and World War II.During World War II two thirds of a total expenditure for industrial facilities of approximately $25 billion was directly financed by the government. In contrast, during the three-year period of 1917–1919, only about one tenth of the $6 billion in new facilities under construction was directly financed by the government.

scholarly journals The NRC Postdoctorate Fellowships, 1948-1978

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
A. W. Tickner
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Research Council ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
World War ◽  
Canadian Universities ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Postdoctoral Training

Abstract Following World War II the National Research Council established a programme of Postdoctorate Fellowships to meet the increasing need for postdoctoral training. Initially for tenure in the NRC laboratories and overseas, the fellowships were rapidly extended to Canadian universities, other federal departments and agencies and, eventually, Canadian industries. The development and achievements of the programme are reviewed from its inception in 1948 to its transfer to the new Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council in 1978.

The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: contributions to World War II

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Edgar Folk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Research Council ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
World War ◽  
Cold Chamber

The war contributions of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in Cambridge, MA, were recorded in 169 Technical Reports, most of which were sent to the Office of the Quartermaster General. Earlier reports were sent to the National Research Council and the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Many of the reports from 1941 and later dealt with either physical fitness of soldiers or the energetic cost of military tasks in extreme heat and cold. New military emergency rations to be manufactured in large quantities were analyzed in the Fatigue Laboratory and then tested in the field. Newly designed cold weather clothing was tested in the cold chamber at −40°F, and desired improvements were made and tested in the field by staff and soldiers in tents and sleeping bags. Electrically heated clothing was designed for high-altitude flight crews and tested both in laboratory chambers and field tests before being issued. This eye witness account of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory during World War II was recorded by Dr. G. Edgar Folk, who is likely the sole surviving member of that famous laboratory.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on Blood Pressure and Body Mass Index in the National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council World War II Veteran Twin Registry

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1428-1434
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
Renske Verweij ◽  
Gaifen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Research Council ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
World War ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
World War Ii Veteran ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Blood pressure (BP) and obesity phenotypes may covary due to shared genetic or environmental factors or both. Furthermore, it is possible that the heritability of BP differs according to obesity status—a form of G×E interaction. This hypothesis has never been tested in White twins. The present study included 15 924 White male twin pairs aged between 15 and 33 years from the National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council World War II Veteran Twin Registry. Systolic and diastolic BPs, as well as height and weight, were measured at the induction physical examination. Body mass index (BMI) was used as the index of general obesity. Quantitative genetic modeling was performed using Mx software. Univariate analysis showed that narrow sense heritabilities (95% CI) for systolic BP, diastolic BP, height, and BMI were 0.401 (0.381–0.420), 0.297 (0.280–0.320), 0.866 (0.836–0.897), and 0.639 (0.614–0.664), respectively. Positive phenotypic correlations of BMI with systolic BP (r=0.13) and diastolic BP (r=0.08) were largely due to genetic factors (70% and 86%, respectively). The gene-BMI interaction analysis did not show any support for a modifying effect of BMI on genetic and environmental influences of systolic BP and diastolic BP. Our results suggest that correlations between BP and BMI are mainly explained by common genes influencing both. Higher BMI levels have no influence on the penetrance of genetic vulnerability to elevated BP. These conclusions may prove valuable for gene-finding studies.

scholarly journals The Associate Committees on Medical Research of the National Research Council and the Second World War

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Terrie M. Romano
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Second World

Abstract During World War II the original Associate Committee on Medical Research and three additional committees (each associated with a branch of the military) of the National Research Council organized wartime medical research. The war provided an opportunity for the NRC to demonstrate the utility of medical research and the ability of Canadians to make significant contributions to the allied research effort.

Cinema's Military Industrial Complex

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
World War ◽  
Film Exhibition ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
The Military

Cinema’s Military Industrial Complex examines how the American military has used cinema and related visual, sonic, and mobile technologies to further its varied aims. The essays in this book address the way cinema was put to work for purposes of training, orientation, record keeping, internal and external communication, propaganda, research and development, tactical analysis, surveillance, physical and mental health, recreation, and morale. The contributors examine the technologies and types of films that were produced and used in collaboration among the military, film industry, and technology manufacturers. The essays also explore the goals of the American state, which deployed the military and its unique modes of filmmaking, film exhibition, and film viewing to various ends. Together, the essays reveal the military’s deep investment in cinema, which began around World War I, expanded during World War II, continued during the Cold War (including wars in Korea and Vietnam), and still continues in the ongoing War on Terror.

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