scholarly journals Michael Elliott CBE. 30 September 1924 — 17 October 2007

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Pickett
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
World Health ◽  
Individual Contribution ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
New Class ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Food

Michael Elliott was the leader of work at Rothamsted that invented and subsequently commercially developed the pyrethroids, a new class of insecticides. Michael made probably the greatest individual contribution to the control of insect pests that not only constrain global food production but also affect the health of ourselves and our livestock. In one of the first pioneering structure–activity relationship studies, Michael led the multidisciplinary team that invented the major pyrethroid insecticides bioresmethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin. In the 1980s these represented two-thirds of the global pyrethroid market; at that time pyrethroids captured more than 25% of the total insecticide market and were used on 33 million hectares of crops (Wirtz et al . 2009). In 2002 deltamethrin was the world's largest-selling pyrethroid, with annual sales worth $208 million (information from Cropnosis Ltd). In terms of human health, in 2009 it was estimated that pyrethroid-treated bednets significantly decreased the number of deaths due to malaria among children under five years of age by about one-fifth as well as reducing all incidents of malaria, and in 2011 the World Health Organization recommended its vastly expanded use. Reference Wirtz, K., Bala, S., Amann, A. & Elbert, A. 2009 A promise extended—future roles of pyrethroids in agriculture. Bayer CropSci. J. 62 , 145–158.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and COVID-19 protease inhibitory activities of phytochemicals from the Jordanian hawksbeard: identification, structure–activity relationships, molecular modeling and impact on its folk medicinal uses

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (62) ◽  
pp. 38128-38141
Author(s):  
Sherif S. Ebada ◽  
Nariman A. Al-Jawabri ◽  
Fadia S. Youssef ◽  
Dina H. El-Kashef ◽  
Tim-Oliver Knedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Modeling ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Structure Activity Relationships ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On Wednesday 11th March, 2020, the world health organization (WHO) announced novel coronavirus (COVID-19, also called SARS-CoV-2) as a pandemic.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemics: Effects and Prevention

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Aborode ◽  
Kubeyinje Winner ◽  
Oni Ebenezer Ayomide
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Human Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
New Class ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

A new class of corona virus, known as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has been found to be responsible for occurrence of this disease. As far as the history of human civilization is concerned there are instances of severe outbreaks of diseases caused by a number of viruses. According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO as of June 5, 2020), the current pandemic of COVID-19 has affected 6,749,371 people, 3,277, 596 recovered and killed 394,527 people in 215 countries throughout the world. Till now there is no report of any clinically approved antiviral drugs or vaccines that are effective against COVID-19. It has rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the entire human population. The coronavirus outbreak is severely disrupting the global economy. Almost all the nations are struggling to slow down the transmission of the disease by testing and treating patients, quarantining suspected persons through contact tracing, restricting large gatherings, maintaining complete or partial lock down etc. This paper describes the effects of COVID-19 on society and global environment, and the possible ways in which the disease can be prevented or controlled.

scholarly journals A Nature-Inspired Design Yields a New Class of Steroids Against Trypanosomatids

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
pp. 3800
Author(s):  
Elena Aguilera ◽  
Cintya Perdomo ◽  
Alejandra Espindola ◽  
Ileana Corvo ◽  
Paula Faral-Tello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Class ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Toxicity In Vitro

Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis are neglected endemic protozoan diseases recognized as public health problems by the World Health Organization. These diseases affect millions of people around the world however, efficient and low-cost treatments are not available. Different steroid molecules with antimicrobial and antiparasitic activity were isolated from diverse organisms (ticks, plants, fungi). These molecules have complex structures that make de novo synthesis extremely difficult. In this work, we designed new and simpler compounds with antiparasitic potential inspired in natural steroids and synthesized a series of nineteen steroidal arylideneketones and thiazolidenehydrazines. We explored their biological activity against Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. We also assayed their genotoxicity and acute toxicity in vitro and in mice. The best compound, a steroidal thiosemicarbazone compound 8 (ID_1260) was active in vitro (IC50 200 nM) and in vivo (60% infection reduction at 50 mg/kg) in Leishmania and T. cruzi. It also has low toxicity in vitro and in vivo (LD50 >2000 mg/kg) and no genotoxic effects, being a promising compound for anti-trypanosomatid drug development.

scholarly journals Die Voedingstand van die Suid-Afrikaanse Bevolking

Curationis ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Kotzé
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Food Production ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The World ◽  
Considerable Problem ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Weight For Age

During the period 1970 to 1975 the world population grew at an average annual rate of 1,98%. At presentthe estimated world population is 4,2 milliard (4,2 x 109). Food production has the formidable task of feeding85 million extra mouths per year.A recent United Nations document stated that during 1974 already about 500 million people suffered fromsome form of malnutrition. Of these about 100 million children under the age of 5 years were malnourished.According to the Gomez classification, which is accepted by the World Health Organization, first degreeprotein-energy-malnutrition (PEM) is present in children who have body weights between 75 and 90% of theexpected weight for age and sex. Children with body weights between 60 and 75% of the expected weight forage and sex suffer from second degree PEM (moderate). Third degree PEM (severely malnourished) is foundin children who reached 60% or less of the expected body weight for age and sex or suffer from oedema.Data are presented for the incidence of malnutrition in Africa and other parts of the world.South Africa and its newly independent territories have a total population of 27,2 million for whom 122,111million hectares of land is available. A hundred million hectares can be used for agricultural purposes andonly 15% of this land is arable.South African food production managed to remain comfortably ahead of population growth over the pastfew decades. At present at least 25 210 kilojoules/capita/day and 146,9g protein/capita/day are available forevery citizen. Despite such an enviable food position we have a considerable problem of malnutrition in SouthAfrica. Firstly, obesity is endangering the health of a fair portion of all ethnic groups. Secondly PEM andvitamin deficiency diseases are frequently diagnosed in the lower socio-economic groups. During 1976 286district surgeons reported 48 783 cases of kwashiorkor, 37 855 cases of pellagra and 1 008 cases of beri-beri.Although some of these diagnoses are unreliable, such figures do give a rough estimate of the extent ofmalnutrition in South Africa. These figures indicate that less than 3% of the population under the age of 5years suffer from kwashiorkor, pellagra and beri-beri.The applicability of the Boston standards to other populations is questioned. It is indicated that thesestandards give false high values for PEM amongst obviously obese South African Indians.The compilation of specific sets of standards for the South African population is suggested.

Recent Advances in Discovery of Potent Proteases Inhibitors Targeting the SARS Coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arti Sharma ◽  
Kajal Kaliya ◽  
Sushil K. Maurya
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Relationship Analysis ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

: Across the globe, countries are being challenged by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in ways they have never been before. Global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with an uncertain fatality rate has imposed extreme challenges on global health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic, after the disease caused by the new coronavirus spread to more than 100 countries. To date, various therapeutic approaches has been proposed and are being implemented to combat this pandemic, but unfortunately, no sovereign remedy has been es-tablished yet. Protease enzymes are important targets to develop therapies for the treatment of infections caused by SARS coronaviruses. In this review, an overview is given on recent advances in discovery of potent protease inhibitors targeting the SARS coronaviruses. Different classes of natural product inhibitors targeting protease enzymes of SARS coronaviruses have been studied in detail along with their structure activity relationship analysis. This study emphasized on important covalent and non-covalent small molecule inhibitors which effectively inhibited chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) of two SARS coronaviruses i.e. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Repurposing of drugs has been also outlined in this study to understand their roles as quick-to-be-identified therapy to combat these zoonotic coronaviruses.

Erstes Instrument zur standardisierten Erfassung der Teilhabe Behinderter

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (07) ◽  
pp. 526-527
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Menschen Mit Behinderung

Coenen M et al. [Recommendation for the collection and analysis of data on participation and disability from the perspective of the World Health Organization]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59: 1060–1067 Um eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft von Menschen mit Behinderung zu ermöglichen, werden zunächst Daten zu vorhandenen Einschränkungen gebraucht. Erst wenn diese detailliert erhoben wurden, können Konzepte zur Beseitigung von Problemen entwickelt werden. Ein standardisiertes Erhebungsinstrument für alle Aspekte der Funktionsfähigkeit fehlte jedoch bisher.

Coronavirus diseases and pregnancy: COVID-19,SARS, and MERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
Mobina Fathi ◽  
Kimia Vakili ◽  
Niloofar Deravi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Around the end of December 2019, a new beta-coronavirus from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China began to spread rapidly. The new virus, called SARS-CoV-2, which could be transmitted through respiratory droplets, had a range of mild to severe symptoms, from simple cold in some cases to death in others. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named COVID-19 by WHO and has so far killed more people than SARS and MERS. Following the widespread global outbreak of COVID-19, with more than 132758 confirmed cases and 4955 deaths worldwide, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease in January 2020. Earlier studies on viral pneumonia epidemics has shown that pregnant women are at greater risk than others. During pregnancy, the pregnant woman is more prone to infectious diseases. Research on both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which are pathologically similar to SARS-CoV-2, has shown that being infected with these viruses during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and, preterm delivery. With the exponential increase in cases of COVID-19 throughout the world, there is a need to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the health of pregnant women, through extrapolation of earlier studies that have been conducted on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. There is an urgent need to understand the chance of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus and the possibility of the virus crossing the placental barrier. Additionally, since some viral diseases and antiviral drugs may have a negative impact on the mother and fetus, in which case, pregnant women need special attention for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

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