scholarly journals Geoffrey Burnstock. 10 May 1929—3 June 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Alan North ◽  
Marcello Costa
Keyword(s):  
P2y Receptors ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Purine Nucleotides ◽  
Biomedical Scientist ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
University College London ◽  
University Colleges ◽  
The University ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Extracellular Signalling

Geoffrey Burnstock was a biomedical scientist who gained renown for his discovery that adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) functions as an extracellular signalling molecule. Born in London and educated at King's and University colleges, he did postdoctoral work at Mill Hill and Oxford. He moved in 1959 to the Department of Zoology at the University of Melbourne because he sensed there a greater freedom to challenge established thinking in physiology. His group found that transmission from sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nerves to smooth muscle was in some places not mediated by the accepted chemical messengers (noradrenaline and acetylcholine). He amassed evidence that ATP was this non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitter, using biochemical, histological and electrophysiological approaches: heretically, he styled this ‘purinergic transmission’. Geoff further upset dogma in the 1970s by proposing ‘co-transmission’ in which some nerves released ATP in addition to either noradrenaline or acetylcholine. He distinguished pharmacologically P1 receptors (activated best by adenosine and blocked by xanthines) and P2 receptors (activated best by purine nucleotides such as ATP) and he proposed in 1985 that the latter embraced P2X (ion channel) and P2Y (G protein-coupled) subtypes: about 10 years later these categories were substantiated by cDNA cloning. From 1975 until his retirement in 1997, Geoff was head of the Department of Anatomy and Embryology at University College London (UCL), which he developed energetically into a large and strong research department. Later, as head of the Autonomic Research Institute at the Royal Free (part of UCL), he continued to collaborate extensively, and founded several journals and international professional societies. He widely sought clinical benefit for his discoveries, and both P2X and P2Y receptors have been developed as the targets of useful therapeutics (gefapixant, clopidogrel). Geoff was proud of his modest, rather humble, background and eschewed formality. He may have smiled when his early discoveries were met with cynicism, even ridicule (‘pure-imagine’ transmission noted one amusing critic), but this just reinforced his resolve and encouraged his encyclopaedic oeuvre.

scholarly journals Purine and purinergic receptors

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 239821281881749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Burnstock
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
P2y Receptors ◽  
Purinergic Signalling ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Pyrimidine Nucleotides ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intracellular Energy ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Extracellular Signalling

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate acts as an extracellular signalling molecule (purinergic signalling), as well as an intracellular energy source. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate receptors have been cloned and characterised. P1 receptors are selective for adenosine, a breakdown product of adenosine 5′-triphosphate after degradation by ectonucleotidases. Four subtypes are recognised, A1, A2A, A2B and A3 receptors. P2 receptors are activated by purine and by pyrimidine nucleotides. P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channel receptors (seven subunits (P2X1-7)), which form trimers as both homomultimers and heteromultimers. P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (eight subtypes (P2Y1/2/4/6/11/12/13/14)). There is both purinergic short-term signalling and long-term (trophic) signalling. The cloning of P2X-like receptors in primitive invertebrates suggests that adenosine 5′-triphosphate is an early evolutionary extracellular signalling molecule. Selective purinoceptor agonists and antagonists with therapeutic potential have been developed for a wide range of diseases, including thrombosis and stroke, dry eye, atherosclerosis, kidney failure, osteoporosis, bladder incontinence, colitis, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

scholarly journals Training in Astronomy

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 910-911
Author(s):  
M. Gerbaldi
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Public Understanding Of Science ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Primary Science ◽  
University Colleges ◽  
University Level ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
The University

Astronomy offers a unique opportunity for promoting the science teaching in its present crisis. Astronomy can be introduced at various levels and become the medium by which both primary science education and public understanding of science are stimulated.At the University level, astronomy can be introduced in the curricula of university colleges and be a subject for M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees. Astronomy, can give students the opportunity to work scientifically from observations and known physical laws in order to derive knowledge in another field of science. Astronomy can be taught with less formalism and more experimentation, giving students a feel for the link between a phenomenon and its theoretical representation, and how and why a given observation can be represented by different theoretical models.

scholarly journals A Study into the Validity of the Ship Design Spiral in Early Stage Ship Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Rachel Pawling ◽  
Victoria Percival ◽  
David Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
University College London ◽  
The University ◽  
Convenient Model ◽  
Balanced Solution ◽  
Block Approach ◽  
Design Spiral

For many years, the design spiral has been seen to be a convenient model of an acknowledged complex process. It has virtues particularly in recognizing the ship design interactive and, hopefully, converging nature of the process. However, many find it unsatisfactory. One early criticism focused on its apparent assumption of a relatively smooth process to a balanced solution implied by most ship concept algorithms. The paper draws on a postgraduate design investigation using the University College London Design Building Block approach, which looked specifically at a nascent naval combatant design and the issues of size associated with "passing decks" and margins. Results from the study are seen to suggest that there are distinct regions of cliffs and plateau in plots of capability against design output, namely ship size and cost. These findings are discussed with regard to the insight they provide into the nature of such ship designs and different ways of representing the ship design process. The paper concludes that the ship design spiral is a misleading and unreliable representation of complex ship design at both the strategic and detailed iterative levels.

Wayfinding in hospital landscape: syntactical analysis of planting design in hospitals in Kerman, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Zabihi ◽  
Mina Safizadeh ◽  
Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Planting Design ◽  
Library Research ◽  
University College London ◽  
The University ◽  
Syntactical Analysis ◽  
The Way

Purpose Hospital landscape is not a useless space within hospital buildings anymore. It is considered as a supportive area providing mental and physical peace. However, the planting design of the hospital landscape and the way it should be in order to not disrupt wayfinding performance is neglected. This paper, which is a case study, aims at investigating the effects of planting design in Kerman hospitals’ landscapes on the users’ wayfinding using space syntax techniques. Design/methodology/approach This research focuses on the effects of planting design on the users’ wayfinding in hospitals. In so doing, library research, computer simulation and analysis with the University College London (UCL) Depthmap software, and comparison techniques are used. Based on axial maps, the measures of integration, connectivity and intelligibility are considered for analysing the wayfinding process of individuals. Findings The findings show that planting configurations in the hospital landscape can affect individuals’ wayfinding. Integrated and regular planting design in addition to combining planted areas with the hospital buildings can pave the way for intelligible space and easier wayfinding. Originality/value According to the authors’ knowledge, the current study is the first to use the space syntax techniques in the health-care landscape architecture in terms of planting design and wayfinding. As wayfinding is an important issue in health-care spaces, the study findings can greatly help the health-care building designers and the related organizations to pay attention to the hospital landscape as much as hospital indoors.

John Terence Coppock 1921–2000

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Clout
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Computer Applications ◽  
World Food ◽  
Geographical Union ◽  
University College London ◽  
University Of Edinburgh ◽  
The University ◽  
Agricultural Geography

Terry Coppock FBA was a pioneer in three areas of scholarship – agricultural geography, land-use management and computer applications – whose academic career was at University College London and the University of Edinburgh, where he was the first holder of the Ogilvie Chair in Geography. He received the Victoria Medal from the Royal Geographic Society and was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1976. Coppock, who was Secretary and then Chair of the Commission on World Food Problems and Agricultural Productivity of the International Geographical Union, served as Secretary Treasurer of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. Obituary by Hugh Clout FBA.

Students' Creativity and Entrepreneurial Learning for Developing Corporate Entrepreneurship

2017 ◽  
pp. 89-116
Author(s):  
Giustina Secundo ◽  
Pasquale Del Vecchio ◽  
Giuseppina Passiante ◽  
Mirco Paoletto
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Entrepreneurial Learning ◽  
Italian Association ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
University Colleges ◽  
The University

The chapter aims to contribute at the discussion on the role of creativity in sustaining corporate entrepreneurship development by focusing on entrepreneurial learning in the context of incumbent enterprises. Empirical evidences coming from the case study of “Mimprendo” project (www.mimprendo.it), an initiative promoted by the Italian Conference of the University Colleges and the Italian Association of Young Entrepreneurs, are presented. Findings provides insights about the collaborative entrepreneurial learning as happening in the community composed by University students, entrepreneurs, and researchers to solve relevant managerial and entrepreneurial innovation's needs. Those evidences are at the basis of an integrated framework aimed to provide a coherent and a systematic view on the collaborative entrepreneurial learning processes to nurture, select, and implement creative ideas of universities students for sustaining the corporate entrepreneurship in incumbent companies.

Establishing Arrays of Stereogenic Centers: The Sato/Chida Synthesis of (-)-Kainic Acid

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst System ◽  
Allylic Alcohol ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Ni Catalyst ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Stereogenic Centers ◽  
University College London ◽  
Enantioselective Addition ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
The University

Benjamin List of the Max-Planck-Institut, Mülheim, devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 10227) a catalyst system for the stereocontrolled epoxidation of a trisubstituted alkenyl aldehyde 1. Takashi Ooi of Nagoya University effected (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 7562; see also Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4070) enantioselective Henry addition to an alkynyl aldehyde 3. Madeleine M. Joullié of the University of Pennsylvania showed (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4244) that an amine 7 added selectively to an alkynyl aziridine 6. Yutaka Ukaji and Katsuhiko Inomata of Kanazawa University developed (Chem. Lett. 2010, 39, 1036) the enantioselective dipolar cycloaddition of 9 with 10. K. C. Nicolaou of Scripps/La Jolla observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5875; see also J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 8658) that the allylic alcohol from enantioselective reduction of 12 could be hydrogenated with high diastereocontrol. Masamichi Ogasawara and Tamotsu Takahashi of Hokkaido University added (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 5736) the allene 14 to the acetal 15 with substantial stereocontrol. Helen C. Hailes of University College London investigated (Chem. Comm. 2010, 46, 7608) the enzyme-mediated addition of 18 to racemic 17. Dawei Ma of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, in the course of a synthesis of oseltamivir (Tamiflu), accomplished (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4656) the enantioselective addition of 21 to 20. Shigeki Matsunaga of the University of Tokyo and Masakatsu Shibasaki of the Institute of Microbial Chemistry developed (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 3246) a Ni catalyst for the enantioselective addition of 23 to 24. Juthanat Kaeobamrung and Jeffrey W. Bode of ETH-Zurich and Marisa C. Kozlowski of the University of Pennsylvania devised (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107, 20661) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective addition of 27 to 26. Yihua Zhang of China Pharmaceutical University and Professor Ma effected (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 3827) the related addition of 27 to 29. There have been scattered reports on the stereochemical course of the coupling of cyclic secondary organometallics. In a detailed study, Paul Knochel of Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität München showed (Nat. Chem. 2020, 2, 125) that equatorial bond formation dominated, exemplified by the conversion of 31 to 33.

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