scholarly journals Jaw protrusion enhances forces exerted on prey by suction feeding fishes

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (29) ◽  
pp. 1445-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roi Holzman ◽  
Steven W Day ◽  
Rita S Mehta ◽  
Peter C Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Independent Source ◽  
Hydrodynamic Approach ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Jaw Protrusion ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Prey Remains

The ability to protrude the jaws during prey capture is a hallmark of teleost fishes, widely recognized as one of the most significant innovations in their diverse and mechanically complex skull. An elaborated jaw protrusion mechanism has independently evolved multiple times in bony fishes, and is a conspicuous feature in several of their most spectacular radiations, ultimately being found in about half of the approximately 30 000 living species. Variation in jaw protrusion distance and speed is thought to have facilitated the remarkable trophic diversity found across fish groups, although the mechanical consequences of jaw protrusion for aquatic feeding performance remain unclear. Using a hydrodynamic approach, we show that rapid protrusion of the jaws towards the prey, coupled with the spatial pattern of the flow in front of the mouth, accelerates the water around the prey. Jaw protrusion provides an independent source of acceleration from that induced by the unsteady flow at the mouth aperture, increasing by up to 35% the total force exerted on attached, escaping and free-floating passive prey. Despite initiating the strike further away, fishes can increase peak force on their prey by protruding their jaws towards it, compared with a ‘non-protruding’ state, where the distance to prey remains constant throughout the strike. The force requirements for capturing aquatic prey might have served as a selective factor for the evolution of jaw protrusion in modern fishes.

scholarly journals A novel intramandibular joint facilitates feeding versatility in the sixbar distichodus

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Martinez ◽  
Angelly J. Tovar ◽  
Peter C. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Substrate Interaction ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Single Structure ◽  
Jaw Protrusion ◽  
Benthic Prey ◽  
Analysis Of Motion

The intramandibular joint (IMJ) is a secondary point of movement between the two major bones of the lower jaw. It has independently evolved in several groups of teleost fishes, each time representing a departure from related species in which the mandible functions as a single structure rotating only at the quadratomandibular joint (QMJ). In this study, we examine kinematic consequences of the IMJ novelty in a freshwater characiform fish, the herbivorous Distichodus sexfasciatus. We combine traditional kinematic approaches with trajectory-based analysis of motion shapes to compare patterns of prey capture movements during substrate biting, the fish's native feeding mode, and suction of prey from the water column. We find that the IMJ enables complex jaw motions and contributes to feeding versatility by allowing the fish to modulate its kinematics in response to different prey and to various scenarios of jaw-substrate interaction. Implications of the IMJ include context-dependent movements of lower versus upper jaws, enhanced lower jaw protrusion, and the ability to maintain contact between the teeth and substrate throughout the jaw closing or biting phase of the motion. The IMJ in D. sexfasciatus appears to be an adaptation for removing attached benthic prey, consistent with its function in other groups that have evolved the joint. This study builds on our understanding of the role of the IMJ during prey capture and provides insights into broader implications of the innovative trait.

Evaluating the use of ram and suction during prey capture by cichlid fishes

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (17) ◽  
pp. 3039-3051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Wainwright ◽  
Lara A. Ferry-Graham ◽  
Thomas B. Waltzek ◽  
Andrew M. Carroll ◽  
C. Darrin Hulsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Cichlid Fishes ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Exponential Decline ◽  
Astronotus Ocellatus ◽  
Limited Variation ◽  
Jaw Protrusion

SUMMARYWe characterized prey-capture strategies in seven species of cichlid fishes representing diverse trophic habits and anticipated feeding abilities. The species examined were Petenia splendida, Cichla ocellaris, Cichlasoma minckleyi, Astronotus ocellatus, Crenicichla geayi, Heros severus (formerly Cichlasoma severum) and Cyprichromis leptosoma. Three individuals per species were filmed with video at 500Hz as they captured live adult Artemia sp. and Poecilia reticulata. For each feeding sequence, we measured the contribution of predator movement towards the prey (i.e. ram) and the movement of prey towards the predator due to suction. The use of ram differed significantly among prey types and predator species, varying as much as sixfold across predator species. High values of ram resulted in high attack velocities. Jaw protrusion contributed as much as 50% to overall ram values in some species, verifying its role in enhancing attack velocity. Suction distance did not vary significantly among species. Diversity in prey-capture behavior was therefore found to reflect differences among species in the strategy used to approach prey. Limited variation in the distance from which prey were sucked into the mouth is interpreted as the result of an expected exponential decline in water velocity with distance from the mouth of the suction-feeding predator. We propose that this relationship represents a major constraint on the distance over which suction feeding is effective for all aquatic-feeding predators.

scholarly journals Independently evolved upper jaw protrusion mechanisms show convergent hydrodynamic function in teleost fishes

2012 ◽  
Vol 215 (9) ◽  
pp. 1456-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Staab ◽  
R. Holzman ◽  
L. P. Hernandez ◽  
P. C. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Jaw Protrusion ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Hydrodynamic Function

Comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles of bony fish and tetrapods: a new insight

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Diogo
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Living Species ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

AbstractThe Osteichthyes, including bony fishes and tetrapods, is a highly speciose group of vertebrates, comprising more than 42000 living species. The anatomy of osteichthyans has been the subject of numerous comparative studies, but these mainly concern osteological structures; much less attention has been paid to muscles. In fact, the most detailed and comprehensive myological comparative analyses that were actually based on a direct observation of representatives of various major osteichthyan groups were provided various decades by authors such as Luther, Kesteven and principally Edgeworth. The present work provides an updated discussion of the homologies and evolution of the osteichthyan mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles, based on the author's own analyses and on a survey of the literature, both old and recent. The risks of discussing muscle homologies on the basis of a single line of evidence, even when it concerns innervation or development, is emphasized. It is stressed than only by taking into consideration various lines of evidence (e.g. developmental biology, comparative anatomy, functional morphology, paleontology, molecular biology, experimental embryology, innervation and/or phylogeny) it is possible to establish well-grounded hypotheses of muscle homology.

scholarly journals Endochondral bone in an Early Devonian ‘placoderm’ from Mongolia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin D. Brazeau ◽  
Sam Giles ◽  
Richard P. Dearden ◽  
Anna Jerve ◽  
Y.A. Ariunchimeg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Endochondral Bone ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
Skeletal Tissue ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Computed Microtomography ◽  
Living Species ◽  
X Ray Computed

Endochondral bone is the main internal skeletal tissue of nearly all osteichthyans—the group comprising more than 60,000 living species of bony fishes and tetrapods. Chondrichthyans (sharks and their kin) are the living sister group of osteichthyans and have cartilaginous endoskeletons, long considered the ancestral condition for all jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). The absence of bone in modern jawless fishes and the absence of endochondral ossification in early fossil gnathostomes appears to lend support to this conclusion. Here we report the discovery of extensive endochondral bone in Minjinia turgenensis, a new genus and species of ‘placoderm’-like fish from the Early Devonian (Pragian) of western Mongolia described using x-ray computed microtomography (XR-µCT). The fossil consists of a partial skull roof and braincase with anatomical details providing strong evidence of placement in the gnathostome stem group. However, its endochondral space is filled with an extensive network of fine trabeculae resembling the endochondral bone of osteichthyans. Phylogenetic analyses place this new taxon as a proximate sister group of the gnathostome crown. These results provide direct support for theories of generalised bone loss in chondrichthyans. Furthermore, they revive theories of a phylogenetically deeper origin of endochondral bone and its absence in chondrichthyans as a secondary condition.

scholarly journals Notes on Reconstruction of Muscle Fibre Orientation During the Development of the Teleost Brachydanio Rerio

1977 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
A. van der Stelt ◽  
W. Mos ◽  
P.C. Diegenbach
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Fibre Orientation ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Cell Orientation ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Young Embryo ◽  
Bony Fishes

Since the description of a helicoidal pattern of muscle fibres in teleost fishes by Van der Stelt (1968), Alexander (1969) stated that there are two basic patterns. One is found in selachians and primitive bony fishes as Anguilla and Salmo, whereas it is also found in the caudal peduncles of teleosts, which are considered more advanced. More anteriad a quite different pattern is found, resembling the helicoidal pattern. The elucidation of this pattern was disclosed by both Van der Stelt (1968) and Alexander (1969) by reconstruction from horizontal, as well as vertical serial sections. Van Raamsdonk et al. (1974), in a study of the early development of the myomeres of Brachydanio rerio, observed a transition of a primary longitudinal course of muscle cells to a presumably helicoidal one in transverse sections of the embryo. As it is more easy to obtain and interpret a series of transverse sections, we have tried to devise a method of reconstruction of the muscle fibre course, starting from transverse sections. With some caution, the results of these studies on Brachydanio may be summarized as follows: 1. The embryo starts with a primordial, longitudinal muscle cell orientation. 2. In the young embryo the muscle cell orientation changes to a helicoidal one. 3. A further change in conformity with Alexander’s primitive pattern is found in later stages of development.

scholarly journals The origins of adipose fins: an analysis of homoplasy and the serial homology of vertebrate appendages

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1781) ◽  
pp. 20133120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Stewart ◽  
W. Leo Smith ◽  
Michael I. Coates
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Dorsal Midline ◽  
Fin Rays ◽  
Limited Function ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Anatomical Evidence

Adipose fins are appendages found on the dorsal midline between the dorsal and caudal fins in more than 6000 living species of teleost fishes. It has been consistently argued that adipose fins evolved once and have been lost repeatedly across teleosts owing to limited function. Here, we demonstrate that adipose fins originated repeatedly by using phylogenetic and anatomical evidence. This suggests that adipose fins are adaptive, although their function remains undetermined. To test for generalities in the evolution of form in de novo vertebrate fins, we studied the skeletal anatomy of adipose fins across 620 species belonging to 186 genera and 55 families. Adipose fins have repeatedly evolved endoskeletal plates, anterior dermal spines and fin rays. The repeated evolution of fin rays in adipose fins suggests that these fins can evolve new tissue types and increased structural complexity by expressing fin-associated developmental modules in these new territories. Patterns of skeletal elaboration differ between the various occurrences of adipose fins and challenge prevailing hypotheses for vertebrate fin origin. Adipose fins represent a powerful and, thus far, barely studied model for exploring the evolution of vertebrate limbs and the roles of adaptation and generative biases in morphological evolution.

scholarly journals COUPLED VERSUS UNCOUPLED FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS: MOTOR PLASTICITY IN THE QUEEN TRIGGERFISH BALISTES VETULA

1993 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Wainwright ◽  
R. G. Turingan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Jaw Apparatus ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior

Teleost fishes typically capture prey with the oral jaws and perform most types of prey- processing behavior with the pharyngeal jaw apparatus. In these fishes, the motor patterns associated with the different stages of feeding are quite distinct, and fish can modify muscle activity patterns when feeding on different prey. We examined motor pattern variation in the queen triggerfish, Balistes vetula, a versatile predator that both captures and processes prey with its oral jaws. During feeding on three prey that differed in hardness and elusiveness, three distinct patterns of behavior could be identified on the basis of patterns of muscle activity: prey capture, buccal manipulation and blowing. During prey capture by suction feeding, the retractor arcus palatini muscle (RAP) commenced activity before the levator operculi muscle (LOP). In both buccal manipulation and blowing, the RAP began activity well after the onset of activity in the LOP. Both prey capture and buccal manipulation motor patterns varied when fish fed on different prey. When capturing hard-shelled and non-elusive prey, B. vetula did not employ suction feeding but, instead, the fish directly bit parts of its prey. The motor pattern exhibited during direct biting to capture prey was different from that during suction feeding, but was indistinguishable from the pattern seen during the repeated cycles of buccal manipulation. Harder prey elicited significantly longer bursts of activity in the jaw adductor muscles than did soft prey. In spite of the involvement of the oral jaws in virtually all stages of feeding, B. vetula shows levels of variation between patterns of behavior and types of prey characteristic of previously studied teleost fishes. Thus, the coupling of capture and processing behavior patterns in the repertoire of the oral jaws does not appear to constrain the behavioral versatility of this species.

scholarly journals Evolution and dispersal of snakes across the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Klein ◽  
Davide Pisani ◽  
Daniel J. Field ◽  
Rebecca Lakin ◽  
Matthew A. Wills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Molecular Dataset ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Mass Extinction Event

AbstractMass extinctions have repeatedly shaped global biodiversity. The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction caused the demise of numerous vertebrate groups, and its aftermath saw the rapid diversification of surviving mammals, birds, frogs, and teleost fishes. However, the effects of the K-Pg extinction on the evolution of snakes—a major clade of predators comprising over 3,700 living species—remains poorly understood. Here, we combine an extensive molecular dataset with phylogenetically and stratigraphically constrained fossil calibrations to infer an evolutionary timescale for Serpentes. We reveal a potential diversification among crown snakes associated with the K-Pg mass extinction, led by the successful colonisation of Asia by the major extant clade Afrophidia. Vertebral morphometrics suggest increasing morphological specialisation among marine snakes through the Paleogene. The dispersal patterns of snakes following the K-Pg underscore the importance of this mass extinction event in shaping Earth’s extant vertebrate faunas.

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