scholarly journals Assessing costs of carrying geolocators using feather corticosterone in two species of aerial insectivore

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 150004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham D. Fairhurst ◽  
Lisha L. Berzins ◽  
David W. Bradley ◽  
Andrew J. Laughlin ◽  
Andrea Romano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Swallows ◽  
Migratory Connectivity ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Aerial Insectivore ◽  
Barn Swallows ◽  
Energetic Expenditure ◽  
Feather Corticosterone

Despite benefits of using light-sensitive geolocators to track animal movements and describe patterns of migratory connectivity, concerns have been raised about negative effects of these devices, particularly in small species of aerial insectivore. Geolocators may act as handicaps that increase energetic expenditure, which could explain reported effects of geolocators on survival. We tested this ‘Energetic Expenditure Hypothesis’ in 12 populations of tree swallows ( Tachycineta bicolor ) and barn swallows ( Hirundo rustica ) from North America and Europe, using measurements of corticosterone from feathers (CORT f ) grown after deployment of geolocators as a measure of physiology relevant to energetics. Contrary to predictions, neither among- (both species) nor within-individual (tree swallows only) levels of CORT f differed with respect to instrumentation. Thus, to the extent that CORT f reflects energetic expenditure, geolocators apparently were not a strong handicap for birds that returned post-deployment. While this physiological evidence suggests that information about migration obtained from returning geolocator-equipped swallows is unbiased with regard to levels of stress, we cannot discount the possibility that corticosterone played a role in reported effects of geolocators on survival in birds, and suggest that future studies relate corticosterone to antecedent factors, such as reproductive history, and to downstream fitness costs.

scholarly journals Ozone responses in Arabidopsis: beyond stomatal conductance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis O Morales ◽  
Alexey Shapiguzov ◽  
Omid Safronov ◽  
Johanna Leppälä ◽  
Lauri Vaahtera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Key Parameter

Abstract Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major air pollutant that decreases yield of important crops worldwide. Despite long-lasting research of its negative effects on plants, there are many gaps in our knowledge on how plants respond to O3. In this study, we used natural variation in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to characterize molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying O3 sensitivity. A key parameter in models for O3 damage is stomatal uptake. Here we show that the extent of O3 damage in the sensitive Arabidopsis accession Shahdara (Sha) does not correspond with O3 uptake, pointing toward stomata-independent mechanisms for the development of O3 damage. We compared tolerant (Col-0) versus sensitive accessions (Sha, Cvi-0) in assays related to photosynthesis, cell death, antioxidants, and transcriptional regulation. Acute O3 exposure increased cell death, development of lesions in the leaves, and decreased photosynthesis in sensitive accessions. In both Sha and Cvi-0, O3-induced lesions were associated with decreased maximal chlorophyll fluorescence and low quantum yield of electron transfer from Photosystem II to plastoquinone. However, O3-induced repression of photosynthesis in these two O3-sensitive accessions developed in different ways. We demonstrate that O3 sensitivity in Arabidopsis is influenced by genetic diversity given that Sha and Cvi-0 developed accession-specific transcriptional responses to O3. Our findings advance the understanding of plant responses to O3 and set a framework for future studies to characterize molecular and physiological mechanisms allowing plants to respond to high O3 levels in the atmosphere as a result of high air pollution and climate change.

scholarly journals Environmental determinants of haemosporidian parasite prevalence in a declining population of Tree swallows

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (7) ◽  
pp. 961-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Turcotte ◽  
Marc Bélisle ◽  
Fanie Pelletier ◽  
Dany Garant
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Landscape Composition ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Tree Swallows ◽  
Environmental Determinants ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Haemosporidian Parasite ◽  
Haemosporidian Parasites

AbstractThe prevalence of vector-borne parasites such as haemosporidian species is influenced by several environmental factors. While the negative effects of parasitism on hosts are well documented, these can also be amplified by interactions with environmental stressors, many of which are anthropogenic. Yet, we know little about the possible effects of anthropogenic perturbations on parasite prevalence. The goals of this study were to assess the prevalence and environmental determinants of haemosporidian parasites in a declining population of Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) living in an agricultural landscape in southern Québec, Canada. Overall, a low prevalence and a moderate lineage diversity were identified in both adults and nestlings, confirming that transmission can occur during the breeding period. Anthropic areas, extensive cultures (hayfields and pastures) and forest cover within 500 km of nest boxes, as well as daily temperature fluctuations, were all related to infection by haemosporidian parasites. These findings suggest that anthropogenic alterations of landscape composition can modulate the prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in Tree swallows. Our results represent a baseline for future comparative studies assessing haemosporidian parasite prevalence in human-modified landscapes.

scholarly journals Interacting effects of cold snaps, rain, and agriculture on the fledging success of a declining aerial insectivore

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Roy Garrett ◽  
Fanie Pelletier ◽  
Dany Garant ◽  
Marc Bélisle
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Tree Swallow ◽  
Landscape Changes ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Fledging Success ◽  
Inclement Weather ◽  
Aerial Insectivore

Climate change predicts the increased frequency, duration, and intensity of inclement weather periods, such as unseasonably low temperatures and prolonged precipitation. Many migratory species have advanced the phenology of important life history stages, and as a result are likely exposed to these periods of inclement spring weather more often, thus risking reduced fitness and population growth. For declining avian species, including aerial insectivores, anthropogenic landscape changes such as agricultural intensification are another driver of population declines. These landscape changes may affect the foraging ability of food provisioning parents, as well as reduce the probability a nestling will survive periods of inclement weather, through for example pesticide exposure impairing thermoregulation and punctual anorexia. Breeding in agro-intensive landscapes may thus exacerbate the negative effects of inclement weather under climate change. We used daily temperatures related to significant reductions of insect prey availability (cold snaps), combined with measures of precipitation, and assessed their impact on Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) fledging success, a declining aerial insectivore breeding across a gradient of agricultural intensification. Fledging success decreased with the number of cold snap days experienced by a brood, and this relationship was worsened during periods of prolonged precipitation. We further found the overall negative effects of experiencing periods of inclement weather are exacerbated in more agro-intensive landscapes. Our results indicate that two of the primary hypothesized drivers of many avian population declines may interact to further increase the rate of declines in certain landscape contexts.

Changes in migration, carry-over effects, and migratory connectivity

2019 ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Ambrosini ◽  
Andrea Romano ◽  
Nicola Saino
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Migratory Connectivity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Annual Life Cycle ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Timing Of Migration ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Carry Over

Studies of the timing (phenology) of bird migration provided some of the first evidence for the effects of climate change on organisms. Since the rate of climate change is uneven across the globe, with northern latitudes experiencing faster warming trends than tropical areas, animals moving across latitudes are subject to diverging trends of climate change at different stages of their annual life cycle, and, consequently, they can become mistimed with the local ecological conditions, with potentially negative effects on population size. This chapter reviews the modifications induced by climate change in different migration traits, like the timing of migration events, the distribution of organisms, and the direction and the speed of movements. It also considers the effects of ecological carry-over effects and migratory connectivity on the response of birds to climate change.

scholarly journals Towards Developing a Green Manufacturing Environment: What is Ghana doing?

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Gyasi-Mensah ◽  
Xuhua Hu
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Green Manufacturing ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Manufacturing Environment ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Green Practices ◽  
To Come ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
The Relationship

Developed nations embarked on massive industrialization through manufacturing in order to reap the benefits that accompany this developmental strategy. Nations of the developing world are also adopting similar strategies to make the most of their natural resources. Realizing the negative effects of manufacturing on the environment and human lives, nations have began upgrading their manufacturing methods through the adoption of eco-friendly processes. This article intends to throw light on what the developing nation of Ghana has been doing to mitigate the effects of conventional methods of manufacturing on the environment and on human lives. The article presents the relationship between manufacturing and the environment within which manufacturing take place. It also presents some environmental challenges encountered in manufacturing sector in Ghana, as well as steps that are taken to minimize and/or prevent them. The article again presents efforts that have been taken towards integrating green practices in the manufacturing industry in Ghana, through the collaboration between the country and other international stakeholders. The literature on what Ghana is doing to create green manufacturing environment lacks empirical approach to come to a verified conclusion, hence the need to carry out future studies which is empirically based. Other gaps are also presented in the article, and what can be done to fill these gaps is also presented.

scholarly journals Effects on Mental Health After the COVID-19 Lockdown Period: Results From a Population Survey Study in Lima, Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117955732098042
Author(s):  
Hever Krüger-Malpartida ◽  
Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi ◽  
Martin Arevalo-Flores ◽  
Frine Samalvides-Cuba ◽  
Victor Anculle-Arauco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Related Stress

Background: COVID-19 has created a rapid onset health crisis severely affecting different countries, such as Peru. This pandemic also involved social changes, such as the COVID-19 lockdown, which has had negative effects on different aspects of peoples’ mental health. For this reason, the main objective of this work is to establish a model that explains the effects of the COVID-19-lockdown period on the mental health of a population sample in Peru. Methods: In this sense, online questionnaires were carried out using the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and CPDI in 400 participants. To better explain the data, an ordinal logistic regression was carried out. Results: The model showed that the severity of stress due to COVID-19 is positively associated with the variables age (OR = 1.02; CI95 [1.01; 1.04]), depression (OR = 1.29; CI95 [1.14; 1.31]) and anxiety (OR = 1.49; CI95 [1.35; 1.66]), as well as with the presence of a deceased relative due to COVID-19 (OR = 3.53; CI95 [1.43; 8.82]). On the contrary, the presence of a family member who was hospitalized for COVID-19 is negatively correlated with COVID-19 related stress (OR = 0.30; CI95 [0.13; 0.69]). Conclusion: In conclusion, elderly people, having high levels of anxiety or depression, as well as having a deceased relative due to COVID-19 show higher levels of COVID-19 related stress. These factors play an important role in the intervention of future studies that plan to intervene in the mental health of the population affected by the COVID-19 lockdown.

scholarly journals Biomarker of burden: Feather corticosterone reflects energetic expenditure and allostatic overload in captive waterfowl

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Johns ◽  
Tracy A. Marchant ◽  
Graham D. Fairhurst ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
Robert G. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Expenditure ◽  
Feather Corticosterone

scholarly journals What Do Turkish Pre-Service Teachers Think About Artificial Intelligence?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Halil Ibrahim Haseski
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Fall Semester ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Faculty Of Education ◽  
Academic Year

The aim of the present study was to determine the views of pre-service teachers on artificial intelligence. In the present qualitative study, conducted with the phenomenology design, that data were collected from 94 pre-service teachers attending different departments at Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Education during the 2018-2019 academic year fall semester in Turkey. Data were collected with semi-structured interview form and written interview form, developed by the author. Collected data were analyzed by using content analysis method and classified under themes. Analyses demonstrated that pre-service teachers assigned different meanings to artificial intelligence, felt basically negative emotions for artificial intelligence, and did not want to live in a world ruled by artificial intelligence. Furthermore, it was found that pre-service teachers considered that artificial intelligence could have both several benefits and risks, and it might have both positive and negative effects on education. Based on the study findings, various recommendations were presented for future studies and implementations on the topic.

scholarly journals Relationship between financial well-being and Burnout Syndrome in anesthesiologists

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Eduardo Schuch Reimann ◽  
Airton Bagatini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Burnout Syndrome ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Weekly Work

Burnout syndrome and problems in personal financial life can have negative effects on mental health. Given this similarity between the two, the question is whether there is a correlation between financial well-being and the risk of developing the syndrome. In this study a questionnaire was applied to analyze this relationship. The results show that the lower the financial well-being, the higher the risk of Burnout. The prevalence of the syndrome in the sample was 28.6%. Furthermore, age and time in the job market showed a negative correlation with this risk, while the weekly work load showed a positive correlation. Despite not demonstrating causality between the variables, this study presents new data in the literature. Future studies in the area are necessary to aid in the prevention and treatment of Burnout Syndrome.

scholarly journals Responses of Birds to Broken Eggs in Their Nests

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-675
Author(s):  
Mark L. Mallory ◽  
Wallace B. Rendell ◽  
Raleigh J. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Hirundo Rustica ◽  
Tachycineta Bicolor ◽  
Tree Swallows ◽  
Barn Swallows ◽  
Observed Rejection ◽  
Rejection Rates

Abstract We tested the responses of two bird species which nest on unmovable substrates (e.g., cavities and walls) to simulated and actual egg damage in their nest. Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) removed broken eggs and continued to incubate the rest of their clutch, but response times took up to 8 days, and observed rejection rates were lower than reported for some other passerines. Collectively, these data and other studies suggest that broken eggs represent a continuing selection pressure to which all birds respond, although there appears to be some variability among species in the strength and speed of the response to damaged eggs.

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