Sheep recognize familiar and unfamiliar human faces from two-dimensional images

One of the most important human social skills is the ability to recognize faces. Humans recognize familiar faces easily, and can learn to identify unfamiliar faces from repeatedly presented images. Sheep are social animals that can recognize other sheep as well as familiar humans. Little is known, however, about their holistic face-processing abilities. In this study, we trained eight sheep ( Ovis aries ) to recognize the faces of four celebrities from photographic portraits displayed on computer screens. After training, the sheep chose the ‘learned-familiar’ faces rather than the unfamiliar faces significantly above chance. We then tested whether the sheep could recognize the four celebrity faces if they were presented in different perspectives. This ability has previously been shown only in humans. Sheep successfully recognized the four celebrity faces from tilted images. Interestingly, there was a drop in performance with the tilted images (from 79.22 ± 7.5% to 66.5 ± 4.1%) of a magnitude similar to that seen when humans perform this task. Finally, we asked whether sheep could recognize a very familiar handler from photographs. Sheep identified the handler in 71.8 ± 2.3% of the trials without pretraining. Together these data show that sheep have advanced face-recognition abilities, comparable with those of humans and non-human primates.

Download Full-text

Face Recognition with Active Appearance Model (AAM)

Image Processing ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-3994-2.ch057 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 1124-1144 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patrycia Barros de Lima Klavdianos ◽

Lourdes Mattos Brasil ◽

Jairo Simão Santana Melo

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Computer Vision ◽

Face Recognition ◽

Face Processing ◽

Research Field ◽

Appearance Model ◽

Active Appearance Model ◽

Human Face ◽

Active Appearance ◽

Human Faces

Recognition of human faces has been a fascinating subject in research field for many years. It is considered a multidisciplinary field because it includes understanding different domains such as psychology, neuroscience, computer vision, artificial intelligence, mathematics, and many others. Human face perception is intriguing and draws our attention because we accomplish the task so well that we hope to one day witness a machine performing the same task in a similar or better way. This chapter aims to provide a systematic and practical approach regarding to one of the most current techniques applied on face recognition, known as AAM (Active Appearance Model). AAM method is addressed considering 2D face processing only. This chapter doesn’t cover the entire theme, but offers to the reader the necessary tools to construct a consistent and productive pathway toward this involving subject.

Download Full-text

Biometrical Processing of Faces in Security and Forensics

Handbook of Research on Computational Forensics, Digital Crime, and Investigation - Advances in Digital Crime, Forensics, and Cyber Terrorism ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-836-9.ch004 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 79-103

Author(s):

Pawel T. Puslecki

Keyword(s):

Face Recognition ◽

Face Detection ◽

Face Processing ◽

Facial Features ◽

Comprehensive Description ◽

Facial Processing ◽

Human Faces

The aim of this chapter is the overall and comprehensive description of the machine face processing issue and presentation of its usefulness in security and forensic applications. The chapter overviews the methods of face processing as the field deriving from various disciplines. After a brief introduction to the field, the conclusions concerning human processing of faces that have been drawn by the psychology researchers and neuroscientists are described. Then the most important tasks related to the computer facial processing are shown: face detection, face recognition and processing of facial features, and the main strategies as well as the methods applied in the related fields are presented. Finally, the applications of digital biometrical processing of human faces are presented.

Download Full-text

Face Recognition Memory and Configural Processing: A Developmental ERP Study using Upright, Inverted, and Contrast-Reversed Faces

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/089892904322926818 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 487-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

Roxane J. Itier ◽

Margot J. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Face Recognition ◽

Recognition Memory ◽

Face Processing ◽

Age Groups ◽

Memory System ◽

Configural Processing ◽

Repetition Effects ◽

Quantitative Development ◽

Unfamiliar Faces

The effects of configural changes on faces were investigated in children to determine their role in encoding and recognition processes. Upright, inverted, and contrast-reversed unfamiliar faces were presented in blocks in which one-third of the pictures repeated immediately or after one intervening face. Subjects (8–16 years) responded to repeated faces; eventrelated potentials were recorded throughout the procedure. Recognition improved steadily with age and all components studied showed age effects reflecting differing maturation processes occurring until adulthood. All children were affected by inversion and contrast-reversal, and face-type effects were seen on latencies and amplitudes of early components (P1 and N170), as well as on later frontal amplitudes. The “old-new” repetition effects (larger amplitude for repeated stimuli) were found at frontal sites and were similar across age groups and face types, suggesting a general working memory system comparably involved in all age groups. These data demonstrate that (1) there is quantitative development in face processing, (2) both face encoding and recognition improve with age, but (3) only encoding is affected by configural changes. The data also suggest a gradual tuning of face processing towards the upright orientation.

Download Full-text

Face Processing Impairments and Delusional Misidentification

Behavioural Neurology ◽

10.1155/1990/598170 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 153-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Andrew W. Young ◽

Hadyn D. Ellis ◽

T. Krystyna Szulecka ◽

Karel W. De Pauw

Keyword(s):

Brain Injury ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Normal Level ◽

Face Processing ◽

The Other ◽

Emotional Facial Expressions ◽

The Third ◽

Processing Abilities ◽

The Face ◽

Unfamiliar Faces

We report detailed investigations of the face processing abilities of four patients who had shown symptoms involving delusional misidentification. One (GC) was diagnosed as a Frégoli case, and the other three (SL, GS, and JS) by symptoms of intermetamorphosis. The face processing tasks examined their ability to recognize emotional facial expressions, identify familiar faces, match photographs of unfamiliar faces, and remember photographs of faces of unfamiliar people. The Frégoli patient (GC) was impaired at identifying familiar faces, and severely impaired at matching photographs of unfamiliar people wearing different disguises to undisguised views. Two of the intermetamorphosis patients (SL and GS) also showed impaired face processing abilities, but the third US) performed all tests at a normal level. These findings constrain conceptions of the relation between delusional misidentification, face processing impairment, and brain injury.

Download Full-text

Holistic face processing and hemispheric competition during face recognition

Journal of Vision ◽

10.1167/18.10.1077 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 1077

Author(s):

Matthew Harrison ◽

Lars Strother

Keyword(s):

Face Recognition ◽

Face Processing ◽

Holistic Face Processing

Download Full-text

Using regression to measure holistic face processing reveals a strong link with face recognition ability

Cognition ◽

10.1016/j.cognition.2012.09.004 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 126 (1) ◽

pp. 87-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 105

Author(s):

Joseph DeGutis ◽

Jeremy Wilmer ◽

Rogelio J. Mercado ◽

Sarah Cohan

Keyword(s):

Face Recognition ◽

Face Processing ◽

Strong Link ◽

Holistic Face Processing ◽

Recognition Ability

Download Full-text

Familiarity Facilitates Feature-based Face Processing

10.1101/058537 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Matteo Visconti di Oleggio Castello ◽

Kelsey G. Wheeler ◽

Carlo Cipolli ◽

M. Ida Gobbini

Keyword(s):

Face Detection ◽

Face Processing ◽

Search Task ◽

Visual Search Task ◽

Face Inversion ◽

Face Images ◽

Holistic Face Processing ◽

Unfamiliar Face ◽

Feature Based ◽

Unfamiliar Faces

AbstractRecognition of personally familiar faces is remarkably efficient, effortless and robust. We asked if feature-based face processing facilitates detection of familiar faces by testing the effect of face inversion on a visual search task for familiar and unfamiliar faces. Because face inversion disrupts configural and holistic face processing, we hypothesized that inversion would diminish the familiarity advantage to the extent that it is mediated by such processing. Subjects detected personally familiar and stranger target faces in arrays of two, four, or six face images. Subjects showed significant facilitation of personally familiar face detection for both upright and inverted faces. The effect of familiarity on target absent trials, which involved only rejection of unfamiliar face distractors, suggests that familiarity facilitates rejection of unfamiliar distractors as well as detection of familiar targets. The preserved familiarity effect for inverted faces suggests that facilitation of face detection afforded by familiarity reflects mostly feature-based processes.

Download Full-text