scholarly journals Unravelling the gender productivity gap in science: a meta-analytical review

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 181566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Astegiano ◽  
Esther Sebastián-González ◽  
Camila de Toledo Castanho
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
And Gender ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Gender Productivity Gap ◽  
Productivity Gap

Women underrepresentation in science has frequently been associated with women being less productive than men (i.e. the gender productivity gap), which may be explained by women having lower success rates, producing science of lower impact and/or suffering gender bias. By performing global meta-analyses, we show that there is a gender productivity gap mostly supported by a larger scientific production ascribed to men. However, women and men show similar success rates when the researchers' work is directly evaluated (i.e. publishing articles). Men's success rate is higher only in productivity proxies involving peer recognition (e.g. evaluation committees, academic positions). Men's articles showed a tendency to have higher global impact but only if studies include self-citations. We detected gender bias against women in research fields where women are underrepresented (i.e. those different from Psychology). Historical numerical unbalance, socio-psychological aspects and cultural factors may influence differences in success rate, science impact and gender bias. Thus, the maintenance of a women-unfriendly academic and non-academic environment may perpetuate the gender productivity gap. New policies to build a more egalitarian and heterogeneous scientific community and society are needed to close the gender gap in science.

scholarly journals Peer review and gender bias: A study on 145 scholarly journals

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. eabd0299
Author(s):  
Flaminio Squazzoni ◽  
Giangiacomo Bravo ◽  
Mike Farjam ◽  
Ana Marusic ◽  
Bahar Mehmani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Publication Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Editorial Decisions ◽  
Selection Of

Scholarly journals are often blamed for a gender gap in publication rates, but it is unclear whether peer review and editorial processes contribute to it. This article examines gender bias in peer review with data for 145 journals in various fields of research, including about 1.7 million authors and 740,000 referees. We reconstructed three possible sources of bias, i.e., the editorial selection of referees, referee recommendations, and editorial decisions, and examined all their possible relationships. Results showed that manuscripts written by women as solo authors or coauthored by women were treated even more favorably by referees and editors. Although there were some differences between fields of research, our findings suggest that peer review and editorial processes do not penalize manuscripts by women. However, increasing gender diversity in editorial teams and referee pools could help journals inform potential authors about their attention to these factors and so stimulate participation by women.

scholarly journals Examining the Gender Productivity Gap among Farm Households in Mali

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Singbo ◽  
E Njuguna-Mungai ◽  
J O Yila ◽  
K Sissoko ◽  
R Tabo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Endowment Effect ◽  
Female Farmers ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Gender Productivity Gap ◽  
Productivity Gap

Abstract This paper decomposes the gender agricultural productivity gap and measures the factors that influence the gap between male and female agricultural plot managers in Mali. The Oaxaca–Blinder approach and the recentred influence function (RIF) decomposition methodology are applied to a nationally representative survey of Mali. The results show that the agricultural productivity of female plot managers is 20.18% lower than that of male plot managers. Additionally, while more than half (56%) of the agricultural productivity gap is influenced by female-specific structural disadvantages, 44% of the gap is due to an endowment effect. Socio-economic characteristics such as the educational level and age of the plot manager, environmental factors and agricultural production practices, i.e., the differential use of inputs (organic or inorganic fertiliser and improved seeds) and the use of hired female workers seem to affect the female-specific structural disadvantages. To reduce or close the gender productivity gap, the underlying causes of female-specific structural disadvantages must be addressed to enable female farmers to obtain the same returns as men. Traditional means of addressing the gender gap, such as providing education for women in rural areas and facilitating rural women’ access to extension services and improved seeds, can mitigate the endowment deficit. This paper highlights the need to develop a better understanding of the factors influencing the structural disadvantages faced by female farmers in Mali that could feed into the development of more effective policies to address the gender gap in agricultural productivity, improving productivity and gender equity and reducing poverty.

scholarly journals Gender bias in the allocation of student grants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolijn N. Wijnen ◽  
Jorg J. M. Massen ◽  
Mariska E. Kret
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
International Study ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Lower Success Rate ◽  
Number Of Publications

AbstractMultiple studies have shown that women’s likelihood of receiving research funding is lower than that of their male colleagues. Thus far, all research on this gender gap in academia has focused on post-PhD academics, making it difficult to discern whether the female disadvantages in number of publications, previous grants, maternity leave, and h-indexes are at the root of the gender gap in received funding, or whether it is due to a more fundamental gender bias in academia. Therefore, we investigated whether female university students are already disadvantaged in receiving their first grant in their scientific career. We analysed data on applications (N = 2651) from 1995 to 2018 to the Leiden University International Study Fund (LISF), a fund dedicated to support students to study or conduct research abroad. We found that men and women applied equally often to the LISF. However, women had a lower success rate, which seemed to only get worse over recent years. Furthermore, male and female applications were assessed to be equal in quality when gender-related information was removed from them. The current study demonstrates that the factors that were assumed to contribute the most to the gender gap in more senior academics (e.g. previous grants, h-index) do not explain it fully: even when those factors do not yet play a role, such as in our student sample, women were found to have lower success rates than men. This underscores the importance of attacking gender biases at its roots.

scholarly journals Vertebral Body Stapling versus Bracing for Patients with High-Risk Moderate Idiopathic Scoliosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laury Cuddihy ◽  
Aina J. Danielsson ◽  
Patrick J. Cahill ◽  
Amer F. Samdani ◽  
Harsh Grewal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Curve Progression ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
And Gender

Purpose. We report a comparison study of vertebral body stapling (VBS) versus a matched bracing cohort for immature patients with moderate (25 to 44°) idiopathic scoliosis (IS).Methods. 42 of 49 consecutive patients (86%) with IS were treated with VBS and followed for a minimum of 2 years. They were compared to 121 braced patients meeting identical inclusion criteria. 52 patients (66 curves) were matched according to age at start of treatment (10.6 years versus 11.1 years, resp. [P=0.07]) and gender.Results. For thoracic curves 25–34°, VBS had a success rate (defined as curve progression <10°) of 81% versus 61% for bracing(P=0.16). In thoracic curves 35–44°, VBS and bracing both had a poor success rate. For lumbar curves, success rates were similar in both groups for curves measuring 25–34°.Conclusion. In this comparison of two cohorts of patients with high-risk (Risser 0-1) moderate IS (25–44°), in smaller thoracic curves (25–34°) VBS provided better results as a clinical trend as compared to bracing. VBS was found not to be effective for thoracic curves ≥35°. For lumbar curves measuring 25–34°, results appear to be similar for both VBS and bracing, at 80% success.

scholarly journals A Gender integrative conceptualization of entrepreneurship

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Clark Muntean ◽  
Banu Ozkazanc-Pan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
Promote Gender Equality ◽  
Feminist Perspectives ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Guided by feminist perspectives, we critique existing approaches to the study of womenʼs entrepreneurship on epistemological grounds and suggest that the entrepreneurship field needs to recognize gendered assumptions in theorizing. Deploying a feminist framework, we suggest that understanding the “gender gap” in entrepreneurship requires focus on institutional and structural barriers women entrepreneurs face. Existing studies of women entrepreneurs often compare women with men without considering how gender and gender relations impact the very concepts and ideas of entrepreneurship. We propose, therefore, a conceptualization of entrepreneurship that illuminates gender bias and calls attention to the interrelated individual, institutional, and structural barriers in the entrepreneurial process that arrive out of societal and cultural gender norms. Through praxis or engaged practice, we redirect scholarship in the entrepreneurship field, while proposing ways that can promote gender equality in entrepreneurial activities. In all, our gender integrative conceptualization of entrepreneurship contributes to the entrepreneurship field by recognizing and addressing a more expansive realm of influential factors within the entrepreneurial ecosystem that have previously been researched separately.

Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Its Predictors in Hospitalized Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meisam Moezzi ◽  
Golshan Afshari ◽  
Fakher Rahim ◽  
Meysam Alavian ◽  
Maryam Banitorfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Evening Shift ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been a frequently performed medical intervention that increases the chance of survival of a person stricken by cardiac arrest, and there is an excellent value of diversity in the rate of successful rehabilitation in societies. Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out. The medical records of all in-hospital and out-hospital cardiac arrest patients who underwent CPR were collected. A total of 587 people with who underwent CPR during two years between January 2017 and June 2018, using a designed form were enrolled. Demographic information, the ward which CPR was committed, hospitalization, the delay before the onset of CPR and time of the day were recorded. Results: The overall success rate of CPR in this study was 25.89%. There was no significant difference in the success rate of CPR between men and women. A comparison of age groups revealed a difference between the success rates of CPR in 14 - 64 years group compared with the group above 64. Analysis of the data revealed no difference between CPR success rates in various seasons. Investigating the occurrence of cardiac arrest and its success rate at the hospital shifting showed a significant difference between the success rate of CPR in the morning shift with the evening shift and night. The dual comparison revealed a significant difference in the success rate of CPR only between the emergency department and intensive care units. Conclusions: The current study revealed a significant difference in age group and location, and did not show any significant success rate of CPR in the presence of witnesses, location of cardiac arrest, season and gender.

Entscheidungsprozesse beim Übersetzen: Routine und Reflexion bei Novizen und Berufsübersetzern

Fachsprache ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 100-121
Author(s):  
Friederike Prassl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Knowledge Integration ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Science Text ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Cognitive Involvement

This article focuses on the decision-making processes involved in research and knowledge integration in translation processes. First, the relevance of decision taking intranslation is discussed. Second, the psychology of decision making as seen by Jungermann et al. (2005) is introduced, who propose a categorization of decision-making processes intofour types: “routinized”, “stereotype”, “reflected” and “constructed”. This classification is then applied to the translations by five professional translators and five novices of five segments occurring in a popular-science text. The analysis reveals that the decision-making types are distributed differently among students and professional translators, which also has to be seen against the background of whether the decisions made were successful or not. The preliminary results of this study show that students resort to reflected decisions in most cases, but with a low success rate. Professionals achieve a higher success rate when making reflected decisions. As expected, they also make more routinized decisions than students. The professionals’ success rates improve with increasing cognitive involvement, while their failure rates are relatively high when making routinized decisions, an aspect worthwhile considering in translation didactics.

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