scholarly journals On the classification of the reptilia

1916 ◽  
Vol 89 (615) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Column ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Modern Classification ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Exact Relationship

It is gradually becoming recognised that the class Reptilia is not a monophyletic group of diverging forms sprung from a common stem, like the class Aves or the class Mammalia; but is an assemblage containing, on the one hand, the ancestors of the Mammalia, and, on the other hand, the ancestors of the Birds, together with the early Amphibian-like Amniotes, which became adapted to a terrestrial mode of life. In fact, the Reptilia represent not a class but a grade of structure. This group includes a main stem leading from the Stegocephalian type to a central point of divergence of two main branches, one giving rise to the Birds, the other to the Mammals (as shown in the diagram, fig. 1). In addition, there are, of course, many abortive side twigs. Some day, no doubt, when the exact relationship of the various living and extinct reptiles has been more accurately determined, it will be necessary to split up the artificial group Reptilia, assigning some to the Mammalia and some to the Aves; but for the present we may be content with keeping the class Eeptilia, always remembering that it is a grade of ill-defined limits. The modern views of the phylogenetic relationships of the various orders of Eeptilia may be said to have arisen chiefly from the work of Cope and Baur, following on the conclusions of Huxley and other earlier authors. To the ingenuity of Cope we owe the valuable suggestion that the starting-point of the divergence between the Amphibia and the Eeptilia was determined by the structure of the vertebral column—the vertebral body being mainly derived from the hypocentrum in the former and from the pleurocentrum in the Amniota. Being thus provided with a means of distinguishing the early reptiles from their Amphibian relatives, the next step is to seek for characters enabling us to trace out the diverging lines among the Eeptilia themselves. Here again we are indebted to Cope (13), but more especially to Baur (1, 2) for pointing out the importance of the roofing of the skull in classification. Whereas the earliest and most primitive reptiles have, like their Amphibian ancestors, a roofing complete over the temporal region, this becomes pierced in others by one or two foramina. Thus are left one or two longitudinal temporal arches. The formation of the foramina or fossæ is generally accompanied by a reduction in the number of bones covering the hinder region of the skull. It is not my intention to enter into a detailed account of these points in this paper; they have been discussed by many authors, and are well understood. It will be sufficient for our present purpose to point out how profoundly the modern classification of the Amniota has been affected by their recognition.

scholarly journals The Reputed Antigenic Relationship between Organisms of the Brucella Group on the One Hand, and of the Pasteurella, Pfeifferella and Proteus Groups on the Other

1934 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antigenic Relationship ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Cross Absorption ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Exact Relationship ◽  
Range Of Variation

1. Provided that due precautions are taken to ascertain the normal level of agglutinins in a given host, and that antigenically smooth strains are used, there is every reason to believe that the occurrence of agglutinins in a titre above the normal range of variation is due to infection—latent, active or past—with the specific organism in question, or in a few instances with an organism, usually of the same genus, sharing a similar antigen.2. This conclusion may have to be modified for the occurrence of agglutinins to Proteus OX19 in human typhus sera, since the exact relationship of this organism to Rickettsia prowazeki is still doubtful. If, however, future work shows the truth of Felix's (1933) contention that serological types of Proteus X correspond to serological types of typhus virus (Rickettsia), even this apparent exception will fall within the general rule.3. The examination of sixty-four horse and fifty-three cattle sera, and the performance of numerous cross-agglutination and cross-absorption experiments with rabbit and horse antisera, lend no support to the suggestion made by certain workers of the existence of an antigenic relationship between Brucella strains on the one hand, and strains of Pfeifferella, Pasteurella and Proteus X on the other.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOIL AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC ATTRIBUTES TO AN ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
M. W. SONDHEIM ◽  
K. KLINKA
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ecological Classification ◽  
Approximation Techniques ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The ability of a phytosociologically based, ecological classification system to explain the variability of soil and physiographic properties is tested. Sixty stands from a research forest in southwestern British Columbia are defined in terms of three categorical levels of the ecosystem taxonomy of V. J. Krajina. The stands belong to 14 associations, eight alliances, and three orders. Using these taxa, nested and one-way analyses of variance are performed on 40 soil and physiographic properties of the included ecosystems. Because the hierarchy tested is unbalanced and the samples are of unequal size, the estimates and significance of the variance components for both analyses are determined by approximation techniques. The results from the one-way analyses show that for mineral soil pH and for most physiographic factors between one-half and two-thirds of the variability can be explained by the classification of the ecosystems into associations. For the other properties and for the alliances and orders, this proportion is typically much lower. The study suggests that for general pedologic and environmental characterization there may be little justification for using the alliance and order categories. Key words: Soil-plant relationships, taxonomy, biogeocoenose, integrated classification

Somatoform disorders: diseases of the civilization

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
I. Kukhtevich
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Organic Basis ◽  
Autonomic Disorders ◽  
The One ◽  
Somatic Diseases

Functional autonomic disorders occupy a significant part in the practice of neurologists and professionals of other specialties as well. However, there is no generally accepted classification of such disorders. In this paper the authors tried to show that functional autonomic pathology corresponds to the concept of somatoform disorders combining syndromes manifested by visceral, borderline psychopathological, neurological symptoms that do not have an organic basis. The relevance of the problem of somatoform disorders is that on the one hand many health professionals are not familiar enough with manifestations of borderline neuropsychiatric disorders, often forming functional autonomic disorders, and on the other hand they overestimate somatoform symptoms that are similar to somatic diseases.

Ontology and Perception

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Galko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ontological Question ◽  
The One ◽  
Bodies Of Water ◽  
The Relationship

The ontological question of what there is, from the perspective of common sense, is intricately bound to what can be perceived. The above observation, when combined with the fact that nouns within language can be divided between nouns that admit counting, such as ‘pen’ or ‘human’, and those that do not, such as ‘water’ or ‘gold’, provides the starting point for the following investigation into the foundations of our linguistic and conceptual phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to claim that such phenomena are facilitated by, on the one hand, an intricate cognitive capacity, and on the other by the complex environment within which we live. We are, in a sense, cognitively equipped to perceive discrete instances of matter such as bodies of water. This equipment is related to, but also differs from, that devoted to the perception of objects such as this computer. Behind this difference in cognitive equipment underlies a rich ontology, the beginnings of which lies in the distinction between matter and objects. The following paper is an attempt to make explicit the relationship between matter and objects and also provide a window to our cognition of such entities.

N. Belknap's Four-Valued Logic, Belknap Computer and New Proximity Functions for Comparing Discrete Objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2 (6)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerii Dmitrienko ◽  
Sergey Leonov ◽  
Mykola Mezentsev
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proximity Function ◽  
Input Information ◽  
Proximity Measures ◽  
The One ◽  
True Values

The idea of ​​Belknap's four-valued logic is that modern computers should function normally not only with the true values ​​of the input information, but also under the conditions of inconsistency and incompleteness of true failures. Belknap's logic introduces four true values: T (true - true), F (false - false), N (none - nobody, nothing, none), B (both - the two, not only the one but also the other).  For ease of work with these true values, the following designations are introduced: (1, 0, n, b). Belknap's logic can be used to obtain estimates of proximity measures for discrete objects, for which the functions Jaccard and Needhem, Russel and Rao, Sokal and Michener, Hamming, etc. are used. In this case, it becomes possible to assess the proximity, recognition and classification of objects in conditions of uncertainty when the true values ​​are taken from the set (1, 0, n, b). Based on the architecture of the Hamming neural network, neural networks have been developed that allow calculating the distances between objects described using true values ​​(1, 0, n, b). Keywords: four-valued Belknap logic, Belknap computer, proximity assessment, recognition and classification, proximity function, neural network.

scholarly journals Verbal Monomials in English for Audit and Accounting

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Chaika ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Functional Property ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Work In Progress ◽  
The One

The paper research is work in progress and makes part of a publication set devoted the study of the English monomials and polynomials in the professional domain of audit and accounting, on the one hand. On the other, the research can be treated as a standalone piece for the study into the nature of verbal monomials as set term clusters in English for Audit and Accounting. The scope of research arrives at the following objectives. One objective is to give an overview of the term ‘monomial’ in English for Audit and Accounting, or English for A&A, which leads to understanding of the verbal monomial in English for A&A, correspondingly. The other objective refers to the classification introduced earlier as attributable to the analysis of the structure of the mentioned monomials and polynomials in English for A&A from a morphological perspective of the head term in a monomial, i.e. nounal, verbal, adjectival and adverbial. The said classification in this work associates with verbal monomials in English for A&A only, and provides a relevant sub-classification of the relevant verbal monomials through the lens of their functional properties and roles in a sentence, under the professional language framework. The results and discussion section presents five distinct groups of verbal monomials in English for Audit and Accounting, each corresponding to a specific syntactical role and functional property in a sentence. A variety of the examples helps see and identify the type of the English verbal monomial in the area of audit and accounting.

scholarly journals Violence in social memory intimate beliefs regarding operation storm in the Croatian and Serbian publics

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
Gordana Djeric
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silence Suppression ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The One ◽  
Performance Character ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Manipulation Strategy

This text is part of a research conducted under the working title "What do we talk about when we are silent and what are we silent about when we are talking? - premises for the anthropology of silence about the nearest past." In the first part the author investigates the meaning of silence in the Croatian and Serbian press right before and during Croatia's Operation Storm. The ratio between silence, suppression of information and forgetting, on the one hand, and social memory, on the other, has been elaborated in the final part of the text by following reports about the anniversaries of Operation Storm in both Croatian and Serbian publics. The starting point lies in the belief that the phenomenon of silence (and suppression of information), being an immanent part of each discourse, represents an important factor in the creation of social relationships and system of value models, that it has important communication and cognitive functions and that the performance character lies in its essence. In short, silence makes it possible to form the prevailing image about this event, even if it does not construct it indirectly - through speech. The author has elaborated on the meaning of silence in the context of Operation Storm partly because studies about the breakup of Yugoslavia frequently mention silence as a manipulation strategy employed by some of the sides in the conflict (or analysts dealing with Yugoslav topics), while not a single study systematically investigates the semantic of silence and suppression of information in these conflicts. Most importantly, taking into account the frequency of direct silence in the newspaper discourse and rhetoric strategies that point at silence indirectly from the context and discourse, the author focuses on the relationship between the event (situation) and silence. In order to shed light on the way in which Operation Storm is remembered, i.e. forgotten, in the stakeholders' publics and political imageries, she follows the dailies - Vecernje Novosti Politika, Danas (Belgrade) - Vecernji List, Jutarnji List, Magazin supplement of the Jutarnji List (Zagreb), as well as texts about Operation Storm in weeklies such as the NIN and Vreme of Belgrade or Globus of Zagreb in the period between August 2, 1995 and mid-August 2006.

scholarly journals The Perspective of Overcoming Nihilism in Heidegger’s Dialogue with Jünger

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tautvydas Vėželis
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dialectical Thinking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metaphysical Tradition ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
European Civilization

This article examines the problem of overcoming nihilism in Heidegger’s dialogue with Jünger. It is suggested that nihilism is manifested in various forms and is the deep logic of the whole history of European civilization. One of the main aims of this paper is to outline the relationship of nihilism and Nothing in Heidegger’s dispute with Jünger, viewing how Heidegger distinguishes his approach from Jünger’s point of view. Heidegger, on the one hand, treats nihilism as consummation of the Western metaphysical tradition, on the other hand, identifies Nothing itself as the shadow of Being, which cannot be overcome in the traditional dialectical thinking manner.

scholarly journals Kändisförfattarens varumärke i Finland

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (114) ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Tarja-Lisa Hypén
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Home Country ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
American Research ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

THE BRAND OF THE CELEBRITY AUTHOR IN FINLAND | In the 21st century, the celebrity author has begun to interest researchers not only as a marketing phenomenon, but also as the literary institution’s own phenomenon. In my article, I explore the relationship of the celebrity author to the so-called acclaimed authors of modern times. In Anglo-American research, the celebrity author and the bestselling author are distinguished as separate author types, but in the case of Finnish Jari Tervo, these types combine. For almost 20 years, Jari Tervo has been amongboth the most sold and the most visible celebrity authors in his home country. I examine how the publicity and brand of the Finnish celebrity author are formed. I consider how the brand affects the author’s works on the one hand, and the reception of the works on the other. I point out the limiting effects of the brand, but I also examine how, in combining the high and the low, it affords mobility in the literary fields while it also offers an opportunity to influence society.

scholarly journals A Justiça Parcial e a Ganância enquanto virtude e vício do caráter na Ética a Nicômaco: ação interpessoal, emoção e prazer

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-145
Author(s):  
André Luiz Cruz Sousa
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Nicomachean Ethics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

The aim of this paper is to study a set of three issues related to the understanding of partial justice and partial injustice as character dispositions, namely the distinctive circumstance of action, the emotion involved therein and the pleasure or pain following it. Those points are treated in a relatively obscure way by Aristotle, especially in comparison with their treatment in the expositions of other character virtues in the Nicomachean Ethics. Building on the expression ‘capacity towards the other’ (δύναμις ἐν τῷ πρὸς ἕτερον), the paper highlights the interpersonal nature of the circumstances of just and unjust actions, and points how such nature is directly related to notions such as ‘profit’ (κέρδος) or ‘getting more’(πλεονεκτεῖν) as well as to the unusual conception of excess, defect and intermediacy in Nicomachean Ethics Book V. The interpersonal nature of just and unjust actions works also as the starting-point for the interpretation both of the pleasure briefly mentioned in 1130b4 as characterizing the greedy person and of the emotion involved in acting justly or greedy, which is mentioned in an extremely elliptical way in 1130b1-2: the paper argues, on the one hand, that the pleasure felt in acting justly or unjustly concerns not only the goods that are the object of just or unjust interactions, but also the way such interactions affect the people involved; on the other hand, it argues that the emotion actuated in just or unjust interactions relates to the agent’s concern or lack of concern with the good of those people.

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