scholarly journals Relict or colonizer? Extinction and range expansion of penguins in southern New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1658) ◽  
pp. 815-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Boessenkool ◽  
Jeremy J Austin ◽  
Trevor H Worthy ◽  
Paul Scofield ◽  
Alan Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Human Predation ◽  
Extinction Events

Recent human expansion into the Pacific initiated a dramatic avian extinction crisis, and surviving taxa are typically interpreted as declining remnants of previously abundant populations. As a case in point, New Zealand's endangered yellow-eyed penguin ( Megadyptes antipodes ) is widely considered to have been more abundant and widespread in the past. By contrast, our genetic and morphological analyses of prehistoric, historic and modern penguin samples reveal that this species expanded its range to the New Zealand mainland only in the last few hundred years. This range expansion was apparently facilitated by the extinction of M. antipodes ' previously unrecognized sister species following Polynesian settlement in New Zealand. Based on combined genetic and morphological data, we describe this new penguin species, the first known to have suffered human-mediated extinction. The range expansion of M. antipodes so soon after the extinction of its sister species supports a historic paradigmatic shift in New Zealand Polynesian culture. Additionally, such a dynamic biological response to human predation reveals a surprising and less recognized potential for species to have benefited from the extinction of their ecologically similar sister taxa and highlights the complexity of large-scale extinction events.

Art information networks in Asia and the Pacific

1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Sue Boaden
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Information Networks ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Cultural Festivals ◽  
Asian Pacific

As former colonial links and reliance on a technologically-developed ‘West’ recede into the past, Asian and Pacific countries, including Australia, are becoming increasingly aware of one another as neighbours. Circulation of exhibitions, artists’ visits, cultural festivals, government and UNESCO activities, and art publishing, provide a network for sharing art and art information between countries in this region. Among art libraries, those in Australia and New Zealand participate in the network represented by ARLIS/ANZ; the IFLA Section of Art Libraries and its global role offers scope for further developments. An Asian/Pacific ‘ARLIS’ is proposed.

scholarly journals Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogeny of atlantid heteropods (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Wall-Palmer ◽  
Arie W. Janssen ◽  
Erica Goetze ◽  
Le Qin Choo ◽  
Lisette Mekkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Ribosomal Rrna

Abstract Background The aragonite shelled, planktonic gastropod family Atlantidae (shelled heteropods) is likely to be one of the first groups to be impacted by imminent ocean changes, including ocean warming and ocean acidification. With a fossil record spanning at least 100 Ma, atlantids have experienced and survived global-scale ocean changes and extinction events in the past. However, the diversification patterns and tempo of evolution in this family are largely unknown. Results Based on a concatenated maximum likelihood phylogeny of three genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial DNA, 28S and 18S ribosomal rRNA) we show that the three extant genera of the family Atlantidae, Atlanta, Protatlanta and Oxygyrus, form monophyletic groups. The genus Atlanta is split into two groups, one exhibiting smaller, well ornamented shells, and the other having larger, less ornamented shells. The fossil record, in combination with a fossil-calibrated phylogeny, suggests that large scale atlantid extinction was accompanied by considerable and rapid diversification over the last 25 Ma, potentially driven by vicariance events. Conclusions Now confronted with a rapidly changing modern ocean, the ability of atlantids to survive past global change crises gives some optimism that they may be able to persist through the Anthropocene.

Money, Morphology and Molecules. Some comments on Wortley, Bennett and Scotland (2002), Taxonomy and phylogeny reconstruction: two distinct research agendas in systematics. (see p. 335 of this issue)

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. STEVENS
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Systematics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogeny Reconstruction ◽  
Reasonable Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Made In

The state of systematics, for convenience here divided into taxonomy (the delimitation, description and inventory of species) and phylogeny reconstruction, is evaluated. Molecular systematics may seem overemphasized, but the resulting gains made in our understanding of relationships in a relatively short time are very considerable. Although morphological data currently play only a limited role in detecting large-scale phylogenetic pattern, the analysis by Wortley et al. of the role morphology has played in the past is not easily interpreted. At species level, it is unclear what effect molecular techniques will have on our understanding of species limits, but it is likely to be considerable. Although taxonomy is both essential and underfunded, there seems little point in asking for more money until we can justify the limits of the species we describe more clearly and until we have cleared up the impediments that so much slow the practice of taxonomy. Business cannot remain as usual if any of the grand inventory projects we have started are to be finished within a reasonable time, or even to be of much use when they are.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL ROLES OF FOREIGN-OWNED SUBSIDIARIES IN NEW ZEALAND: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (05) ◽  
pp. 1450032 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD MUSTAFA RAZIQ ◽  
MARTIN PERRY ◽  
MARTINA BATTISTI
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Market ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
International Role ◽  
Overseas Operations

Advances in the capacity to manage overseas operations have been linked to foreign-owned subsidiaries of multinational enterprises performing more varied roles for their parent organisations than they did in the past. Drawing on evidence from an original large-scale survey, this study explores the international roles performed by 429 foreign-owned subsidiaries in New Zealand. Traditionally, subsidiaries in New Zealand have predominantly been established to service the local market which although comparatively small is remote from major sources of foreign investment. The study finds that many subsidiaries have some form of international role and that subsidiaries frequently perform a variety of roles for their organisations. Investigation of subsidiary characteristics associated with an international role finds that those managed independently, and those managed by a network of reporting channels have most propensity and potential to engage in international roles. This evidence justifies greater recognition that subsidiary operations may make multiple contributions to their organisation rather than have a single purpose.

scholarly journals Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogeny of atlantid heteropods (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Wall-Palmer ◽  
Arie W Janssen ◽  
Erica Goetze ◽  
Le Qin Choo ◽  
Lisette Mekkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Ribosomal Rrna

Abstract Background: The aragonite shelled, planktonic gastropod family Atlantidae (shelled heteropods) is likely to be one of the first groups to be impacted by imminent ocean changes, including ocean warming and ocean acidification. With a fossil record spanning at least 100 Million years (Ma), atlantids have experienced and survived global-scale ocean changes and extinction events in the past. However, the diversification patterns and tempo of evolution in this family are largely unknown. Results: Based on a concatenated maximum likelihood phylogeny of three genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial DNA, 28S and 18S ribosomal rRNA) we show that the three extant genera of the family Atlantidae, Atlanta, Protatlanta and Oxygyrus, form monophyletic groups. The genus Atlanta is split into two groups, one exhibiting smaller, well ornamented shells, and the other having larger, less ornamented shells. The fossil record, in combination with a fossil-calibrated phylogeny, suggests that large scale atlantid extinction was accompanied by considerable and rapid diversification over the last 25 Ma, potentially driven by vicariance events. Conclusions: Now confronted with a rapidly changing modern ocean, the ability of atlantids to survive past global change crises gives some optimism that they may be able to persist through the Anthropocene.

scholarly journals Brown-Headed Cowbird Parasitism of Lazuli Buntings; Relationships with Habitats and Ungulate Hosts

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Erick Greene ◽  
John Roach
Keyword(s):  
Range Expansion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Brood Parasite ◽  
Neotropical Migrant ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Cowbird Parasitism

Brown-headed Cowbirds Molothrus ater, a brood parasite that lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, has recently undergone a tremendous range expansion. Before European settlement, this species was restricted to short-grass prairie, where it followed buffalo Bison bison and fed on insects stirred up by their movements (Lowther 1993). Settlement of North America by Europeans, the subsequent large-scale deforestation, and extirpation of buffalo lead to Brown-headed Cowbirds shifting to associate with cows and horses. These changes in landscape and host associations allowed a rapid range expansion and increase in numbers (Payne 1977, Laymon 1987, Rothstein et al.1980). Brown-headed Cowbirds now are found from the Pacific to the Atlantic coast, and from south-central Mexico north to tree line in Canada (Lowther 1993). Cowbirds are apparently expanding their range altitudinally as well, so that they can now be found breeding over 3,000 m in elevation (Hanka 1985). Lazuli Buntings Passerina amoena are small neotropical migrant birds that breed throughout western United States and southwestern Canada. These conspicuous birds breed in a wide variety of brushy habitats, ranging from sea level along the Pacific coast to over 3,000 m in Sierras and Rocky Mountains. Preferred breeding habitat includes arid bushy hillsides, riparian habitats, wooded valleys, aspen, willow, alder or cottonwood thickets, sage brush, chaparral, open scrub, recent post-fire habitats, thickets and hedges along agricultural fields, and residential gardens (Greene et al. in press).

scholarly journals Earth evolution and dynamics—a tribute to Kevin Burke

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1073-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trond H. Torsvik ◽  
Bernhard Steinberger ◽  
Lewis D. Ashwal ◽  
Pavel V. Doubrovine ◽  
Reidar G. Trønnes
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plate Boundaries ◽  
Mantle Plumes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Igneous Provinces ◽  
After Effect ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
Lowermost Mantle

Kevin Burke’s original and thought-provoking contributions have been published steadily for the past 60 years, and more than a decade ago he set out to resolve how plate tectonics and mantle plumes interact by proposing a simple conceptual model, which we will refer to as the Burkian Earth. On the Burkian Earth, mantle plumes take us from the deepest mantle to sub-lithospheric depths, where partial melting occurs, and to the surface, where hotspot lavas erupt today, and where large igneous provinces and kimberlites have erupted episodically in the past. The arrival of a plume head contributes to continental break-up and punctuates plate tectonics by creating and modifying plate boundaries. Conversely, plate tectonics makes an essential contribution to the mantle through subduction. Slabs restore mass to the lowermost mantle and are the triggering mechanism for plumes that rise from the margins of the two large-scale low shear-wave velocity structures in the lowermost mantle, which Burke christened TUZO and JASON. Situated just above the core–mantle boundary, beneath Africa and the Pacific, these are stable and antipodal thermochemical piles, which Burke reasons represent the immediate after-effect of the moon-forming event and the final magma ocean crystallization.

scholarly journals Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogeny of atlantid heteropods (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Wall-Palmer ◽  
Arie W Janssen ◽  
Erica Goetze ◽  
Le Qin Choo ◽  
Lisette Mekkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Ribosomal Rrna

Abstract The aragonite shelled, planktonic gastropod family Atlantidae (shelled heteropods) is likely to be one of the first groups to be impacted by imminent ocean changes, including ocean warming and ocean acidification. With a fossil record spanning at least 100 Million years (Ma), atlantids have experienced and survived global-scale ocean changes and extinction events in the past. However, the diversification patterns and tempo of evolution in this family are largely unknown. Based on a concatenated maximum likelihood phylogeny of three genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial DNA, 28S and 18S ribosomal rRNA) we show that the three extant genera of the family Atlantidae, Atlanta, Protatlanta and Oxygyrus, form monophyletic clades. The genus Atlanta is split into two groups, one exhibiting smaller, well ornamented shells, and the other having larger, less ornamented shells. The fossil record, in combination with a fossil-calibrated phylogeny suggest that large scale atlantid extinction was accompanied by considerable and rapid diversification over the last 25 Ma, potentially driven by vicariance events. Now confronted with a rapidly changing modern ocean, the ability of atlantids to survive past global change crises gives some optimism that they may be able to persist through the Anthropocene.

Pennathrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a new panchaetothripine genus from New Caledonia

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5016 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
ARTURO GOLDARAZENA ◽  
BRUNO MICHEL ◽  
LAURENCE MOUND
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Endemic Flora ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
Technical Platform

The Pacific island of New Caledonia is located about 1500km East of Australia just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. It has a rich endemic flora involving more than 5000 plant species (Endemia.nc 2021; Guillaumin 1948), but the only account of the Thysanoptera fauna apart from some new species descriptions is a check-list of 44 genera and 68 species (Bournier & Mound 2000). Here we describe a new monotypic genus of Panchaetothripinae that has been collected twice in New Caledonia, in 1992 and 2012, but without any information on possible host associations. This genus shares character states with a monobasic genus from New Zealand, but more particularly with a genus of four species endemic to Australia. The Thripidae fauna of New Zealand appears to be well-studied (Mound et al. 2017), with only one or two undescribed species known in collections. The Australian Thysanoptera fauna has also been studied extensively in the past 20 years (Mound & Tree 2020), and few undescribed species of Thripidae are known. In contrast, the Thysanoptera fauna of New Caledonia appears to be largely unexplored, and description here of this new genus serves to emphasize the uniqueness of this fauna. Photographs of the habitus and morphological characters were taken on the technical platform at CBGP (Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations) using a KEYENCE® VHX-5000 digital microscope and a Leica DM5500, and at CSIRO, Canberra using a Leica DM2500 with Nomarski illumination.  

scholarly journals Blocking and Rossby Wave Breaking on the Dynamical Tropopause in the Southern Hemisphere

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 2881-2898 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Berrisford ◽  
B. J. Hoskins ◽  
E. Tyrlis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Rossby Wave ◽  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Rossby Wave Breaking ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Westerly Flow

Rossby wave breaking on the dynamical tropopause in the Southern Hemisphere (the −2-PVU surface) is investigated using the ERA-40 dataset. The indication of wave breaking is based on reversal in the meridional gradient of potential temperature, and persistent large-scale wave breaking is taken as a strong indication that blocking may be present. Blocking in the midlatitudes is found to occur predominantly during wintertime in the Pacific and is most vigorous in the east Pacific, while during summertime, the frequency of blocking weakens and its extent becomes confined to the west Pacific. The interannual variability of blocking is found to be high. Wave breaking occurs most frequently on the poleward side of the polar jet and has some, but not all, of the signatures of blocking, so it is referred to as high-latitude blocking. In general, cyclonic wave breaking occurs on the poleward side of the polar jet, otherwise anticyclonic breaking occurs. However, at least in wintertime, wave breaking in the New Zealand/west to mid-Pacific sector between the polar and subtropical jets is a mixture between cyclonic and anticyclonic types. Together, episodes of wave breaking and enhanced westerly flow describe much of the variability in the seasonal Antarctic Oscillation (AnO) index and give a synoptic manifestation of it with a focus on the date line and Indian Ocean that is in agreement with the centers of action for the AnO. During summertime, anticyclonic wave breaking in the upper troposphere is also to be found near 30°S in both the Pacific and Atlantic, and appears to be associated with Rossby waves propagating into the subtropics from the New Zealand region.

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