scholarly journals Dermal bone in early tetrapods: a palaeophysiological hypothesis of adaptation for terrestrial acidosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1740) ◽  
pp. 3035-3040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Janis ◽  
Kelly Devlin ◽  
Daniel E. Warren ◽  
Florian Witzmann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Ventilation Mode ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Dermal Bone ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Lactate Acidosis ◽  
Early Tetrapods ◽  
Calcified Tissues ◽  
Dermal Bones

The dermal bone sculpture of early, basal tetrapods of the Permo-Carboniferous is unlike the bone surface of any living vertebrate, and its function has long been obscure. Drawing from physiological studies of extant tetrapods, where dermal bone or other calcified tissues aid in regulating acid–base balance relating to hypercapnia (excess blood carbon dioxide) and/or lactate acidosis, we propose a similar function for these sculptured dermal bones in early tetrapods. Unlike the condition in modern reptiles, which experience hypercapnia when submerged in water, these animals would have experienced hypercapnia on land, owing to likely inefficient means of eliminating carbon dioxide. The different patterns of dermal bone sculpture in these tetrapods largely correlates with levels of terrestriality: sculpture is reduced or lost in stem amniotes that likely had the more efficient lung ventilation mode of costal aspiration, and in small-sized stem amphibians that would have been able to use the skin for gas exchange.

scholarly journals Palaeophysiology of pH regulation in tetrapods

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1793) ◽  
pp. 20190131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Janis ◽  
James G. Napoli ◽  
Daniel E. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Mineralized Tissues ◽  
Dermal Bone ◽  
Active Lifestyles ◽  
Early Tetrapods

The involvement of mineralized tissues in acid–base homeostasis was likely important in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. Extant reptiles encounter hypercapnia when submerged in water, but early tetrapods may have experienced hypercapnia on land due to their inefficient mode of lung ventilation (likely buccal pumping, as in extant amphibians). Extant amphibians rely on cutaneous carbon dioxide elimination on land, but early tetrapods were considerably larger forms, with an unfavourable surface area to volume ratio for such activity, and evidence of a thick integument. Consequently, they would have been at risk of acidosis on land, while many of them retained internal gills and would not have had a problem eliminating carbon dioxide in water. In extant tetrapods, dermal bone can function to buffer the blood during acidosis by releasing calcium and magnesium carbonates. This review explores the possible mechanisms of acid–base regulation in tetrapod evolution, focusing on heavily armoured, basal tetrapods of the Permo-Carboniferous, especially the physiological challenges associated with the transition to air-breathing, body size and the adoption of active lifestyles. We also consider the possible functions of dermal armour in later tetrapods, such as Triassic archosaurs, inferring palaeophysiology from both fossil record evidence and phylogenetic patterns, and propose a new hypothesis relating the archosaurian origins of the four-chambered heart and high systemic blood pressures to the perfusion of the osteoderms. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.

Effects of temperature on acid-base balance and ventilation in desert iguanas

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Bickler
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Blood Relative ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
History Of

The effects of constant and changing temperatures on blood acid-base status and pulmonary ventilation were studied in the eurythermal lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Constant temperatures between 18 and 42 degrees C maintained for 24 h or more produced arterial pH changes of -0.0145 U X degrees C-1. Arterial CO2 tension (PCO2) increased from 9.9 to 32 Torr plasma [HCO-3] and total CO2 contents remained constant at near 19 and 22 mM, respectively. Under constant temperature conditions, ventilation-gas exchange ratios (VE/MCO2 and VE/MO2) were inversely related to temperature and can adequately explain the changes in arterial PCO2 and pH. During warming and cooling between 25 and 42 degrees C arterial pH, PCO2 [HCO-3], and respiratory exchange ratios (MCO2/MO2) were similar to steady-state values. Warming and cooling each took about 2 h. During the temperature changes, rapid changes in lung ventilation following steady-state patterns were seen. Blood relative alkalinity changed slightly with steady-state or changing body temperatures, whereas calculated charge on protein histidine imidazole was closely conserved. Cooling to 17-18 degrees C resulted in a transient respiratory acidosis correlated with a decline in the ratio VE/MCO2. After 12-24 h at 17-18 degrees C, pH, PCO2, and VE returned to steady-state values. The importance of thermal history of patterns of acid-base regulation in reptiles is discussed.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide removal in acetate hemodialysis: Effects on acid base balance

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan P. Bosch ◽  
Sheldon Glabman ◽  
George Moutoussis ◽  
Mario Belledonne ◽  
Beat von Albertini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Removal ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance

scholarly journals Haemoglobin function in intact lamprey erythrocytes: interactions with membrane function in the regulation of gas transport and acid-base balance.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (12) ◽  
pp. 2423-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Nikinmaa ◽  
S Airaksinen ◽  
L V Virkki
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Transport ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Base Balance

Haemoglobin function within lamprey erythrocytes offers a unique solution to gas transport among vertebrates. Lamprey haemoglobin within intact erythrocytes is in oligomer/monomer equilibrium and has an oxygen affinity similar to that of haemoglobin in other active fishes. The cooperativity of oxygen binding, which is reduced at low pH values, the effect of protons and the effect of the concentration of haemoglobin on its oxygen affinity are all due to dissociation/association reactions of the haemoglobin molecules. The permeability of the lamprey red cell membrane to acid and base equivalents is very low, and plasma bicarbonate cannot therefore be dehydrated to carbon dioxide to any significant extent during the residence time of blood in the gills. This potential limitation on carbon dioxide excretion is overcome, however, by the high intraerythrocytic pH and the marked oxygenation-linked pH changes in the erythrocyte, which are due to the large Haldane effect of the haemoglobin. Owing to the relative impermeability of the erythrocyte membrane to acid equivalents, intraerythrocytic haemoglobin cannot take part in the acid-base buffering of the extracellular compartment. As a consequence, extracellular acid loads cause marked fluctuations in plasma pH.

Intensive therapy of multiple fatty embolism of the microvascular bed of vital organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
M.V. Chepelyanskaya ◽  
◽  
V. V. Unzhakov ◽  
A.S. Doloka ◽  
S.N. Berezutsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Therapy ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Fat Embolism ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Artificial Lung Ventilation ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Cardiovascular Medications ◽  
Complications And Mortality

The article presents a clinical case of successful treatment of a patient with polytrauma complicated by multiple fatty embolism. Complications were manifested in the form of a syndrome of multiple organ failure: cerebral, cardiovascular and respiratory failure. According to the protocols and recommendations for providing assistance to patients with polytrauma, the tactics of management and intensive therapy were determined, with the obligatory consideration of recommendations for the treatment of patients with fat embolism. The patient underwent neuroprotection, which included one of the modern drugs, such as celex, artificial lung ventilation, maintenance of hemodynamics by cardiovascular medications, correction of the water, electrolyte and acid-base balance with positive dynamics. Despite the difficulties of diagnosis and treatment, a high percentage of disability, complications and mortality, the difficulty of preventing complications, a favorable outcome for patients with associated trauma is possible. An interdisciplinary approach ensures the success of the treatment and rehabilitation of these patients.

Clinical Biochemistry

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-908
Author(s):  
HENRY B. BULL
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Clinical Biochemistry ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Iron Sulfur ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Practicing Physicians

This is the latest edition of a well-known textbook on clinical biochemistry designed essentially for use by advanced medical students and by practicing physicians. There are 12 chapters beginning with the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and continuing through the metabolism of iron, sulfur, iodine, etc. There are chapters on electrolytes, water and acid-base balance and on oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. There is a lengthy and impressive section on endocrine function followed by a short summary of the vitamins.

FC 052ACID-BASE BALANCE DURING IN-SERIES EXTRACORPOREAL CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL AND CONTINUOUS VENOVENOUS HEMOFILTRATION: PREDICTIONS FROM A MATHEMATICAL MODEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John (Ken) Leypoldt ◽  
Joerg Kurz ◽  
Jorge Echeverri ◽  
Markus Storr ◽  
Kai Harenski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Removal ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
In Series

Abstract Background and Aims Critically ill acute kidney injury (AKI) patients may require treatment by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) devices to allow protective or ultraprotective mechanical ventilation and avoid hypercapnic acidosis. Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) and ECCO2R devices can be arranged in series to form a single extracorporeal circuit; such a circuit has been proposed to be optimal, based carbon dioxide removal efficacy, if the ECCO2R device is placed proximal to the CVVH device (Allardet-Servent et al, Crit Care Med 43:2570-2581, 2015). Method We developed a mathematical model of whole-body, acid-base balance during extracorporeal therapy using in-series ECCO2R and CVVH devices for treatment of mechanically ventilated AKI patients. Equilibrium acid-base chemistry in blood was assumed as reported previously (Rees and Andreassen, Crit Rev Biomed Eng 33:209-264, 2005). Published clinical data from Allardet-Servent et al of mechanically ventilated (6 mL/kg predicted body weight or PBW) AKI patients treated by CVVH without ECCO2R were used to adjust model parameters to fit plasma levels of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and arterial plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3]). The effects of applying ECCO2R at an unchanged tidal volume and a reduced tidal volume (4 mL/kg PBW) on PaCO2 and [HCO3] were then simulated assuming carbon dioxide removal rates from the ECCO2R device measured in the clinical study (91 mL of CO2/min when ECCO2R was proximal and 72 mL of CO2/min when CVVH was proximal). Results Agreement of model predictions with the clinical data was good, and model predictions were relatively independent of the in-series position of the devices (see Table). Total carbon dioxide removal from the CVVH device via ultrafiltration predicted by the model was lower after applying ECCO2R at both the unchanged tidal volume (25 mL of CO2/min when ECCO2R was proximal and 39 mL of CO2/min when CVVH was proximal) and the reduced tidal volume (30 mL of CO2/min when ECCO2R was proximal and 44 mL of CO2/min when CVVH was proximal). The reduced removal of total carbon dioxide via ultrafiltration when ECCO2R was proximal resulted from the lower total carbon dioxide concentration in blood entering the CVVH device. Thus, independent of the in-series position of the devices, the magnitude of this difference in total carbon dioxide removal by the CVVH device (14 mL of CO2/min) approximately cancels out the relative greater efficacy of the ECCO2R device (19 mL of CO2/min). Conclusion The described mathematical model has quantitative accuracy. It suggests that overall acid-base balance when using ECCO2R and CVVH devices in a single, combined extracorporeal circuit will be similar, independent of their in-series position.

The effects of five fish anaesthetics on acid–base balance, hematocrit, blood gases, cortisol, and adrenaline in rainbow trout

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2065-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Iwama ◽  
James C. McGeer ◽  
Mark P. Pawluk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Deep Anaesthesia

Some physiological aspects of five fish anaesthetics in rainbow trout were investigated. The effects of benzocaine, 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222 (Sandoz), metomidate, and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) on acid–base regulation, hematocrit, blood gases, and cortisol and adrenaline concentrations were determined in resting rainbow trout fitted with chronic catheters in the dorsal aorta. A severe hypoxia developed with the cessation of breathing in deep anaesthesia. This was accompanied by a rise in blood [Formula: see text] and adrenaline concentration, and a fall in blood pH. Blood bicarbonate concentrations remained unchanged and cortisol concentrations declined with time. There was a transient increase in hematocrit coinciding with the increase in adrenaline concentrations.

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