scholarly journals Extrapolating from local ecological processes to genus-wide patterns in colour polymorphism in South African Protea

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1806) ◽  
pp. 20150583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane E. Carlson ◽  
Kent E. Holsinger
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Floral Colour ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Environmental Correlates ◽  
Predation Intensity ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Colour Morphs ◽  
Morph Frequency ◽  
African Genus

Polymorphic traits are central to many fundamental discoveries in evolution, yet why they are found in some species and not others remains poorly understood. We use the African genus Protea— within which more than 40% of species have co-occurring pink and white floral colour morphs — to ask whether convergent evolution and ecological similarity could explain the genus-wide pattern of polymorphism. First, we identified environmental correlates of pink morph frequency across 28 populations of four species. Second, we determined whether the same correlates could predict species-level polymorphism and monomorphism across 31 species. We found that pink morph frequency increased with elevation in Protea repens and three section Exsertae species, increased eastward in P. repens , and increased with seed predation intensity in section Exsertae . For cross-species comparisons, populations of monomorphic pink species occurred at higher elevations than populations of monomorphic white species, and 18 polymorphic species spanned broader elevational gradients than 13 monomorphic species. These results suggest that divergent selection along elevational clines has repeatedly favoured polymorphism, and that more uniform selection in altitudinally restricted species may promote colour monomorphism. Our findings are, to our knowledge, the first to link selection acting within species to the presence and absence of colour polymorphism at broader phylogenetic scales.

Sex-biased colour polymorphism in the marine ostracod Paradoxostoma variabile (Crustacea)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Hull ◽  
Daniel Rollinson
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Colour Morph ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Common ◽  
Specific Association ◽  
Colour Morphs ◽  
Morph Frequency

Samples of four species of algae were collected from three mid-shore pools on each of three shores on the north-east coast of England in order to describe colour polymorphism in the common intertidal ostracod Paradoxostoma variabile. Eight different colour morphs were found within the populations. On all shores, male P. variabile occurred in significantly higher densities than did the females, and males exhibited a significantly higher colour morph diversity and colour morph richness than females. On two out of three shores, males showed a significant association in colour morph frequency with algal species (but the pattern was not consistent between shores), but no such association was found in the female populations. In either sex, colour morph diversity did not vary between algal species but samples of male ostracods from the shore at Holbeck contained a significantly higher diversity of colour morphs than samples from the other two shores. In the laboratory, neither sex demonstrated a specific association with algal species suggesting that habitat selection is not an important factor in maintaining colour morph frequencies in this species.

A Taxonomic Revision of the Woody South African Genus Notobubon (Apiaceae: Apioideae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Magee ◽  
Ben-Erik van Wyk ◽  
Patricia M. Tilney
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Cape Floristic Region ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Inflorescence Structure ◽  
Peduncle Length ◽  
African Genus

A comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus Notobubon (Apiaceae) is presented. Twelve woody evergreen species are recognised, all (with the exception of N. laevigatum) endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. The taxonomy of these prominent, though poorly collected, species has until now been problematic. They are distinguished from one another by their habit (size and branching pattern), the overall shape, size, and colour of the ultimate leaflet segments, the inflorescence structure (peduncle length, number, and length of rays in the primary umbel), the fruit morphology (fruit size, presence or absence of wings), and the fruit anatomy (symmetry of the mericarps, presence or absence of additional rib vittae, size of commissural vittae). Species relationships are assessed in the form of a cladistic analysis of 26 morphological characters, resulting in a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis. A comprehensive key to the species, their correct nomenclature, and typification, together with descriptions and known geographical distribution for all the species are presented and illustrated.

Morphological observations on leaf haustoria and related organs of the South African genus Hyobanche (Scrophulariaceae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (23) ◽  
pp. 2981-2986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Job Kuijt ◽  
J. H. Visser ◽  
H. Chr. Weber
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
The South ◽  
African Genus ◽  
Rhizome System

Most haustoria in Hyobanche (Scrophulariaceae) are formed directly from the scale leaves of the extensive rhizome system and may be found on adaxial surfaces, margins, or tips of such leafy organs. The only exceptions are occasional haustoria, emerging from rhizome areas between adjacent scale leaves, and the primary haustorium. Host roots appear to be attracted to the rhizome, growing along its surface and apparently eliciting haustorial formation in adjoining parasitic tissues. The established parasite is completely rootless.

scholarly journals Melanin-based coloration and host–parasite interactions under global change

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1879) ◽  
pp. 20180285 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Côte ◽  
A. Boniface ◽  
S. Blanchet ◽  
A. P. Hendry ◽  
J. Gasparini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
To Come ◽  
Colour Morphs ◽  
Host Parasite

The role of parasites in shaping melanin-based colour polymorphism, and the consequences of colour polymorphism for disease resistance, remain debated. Here we review recent evidence of the links between melanin-based coloration and the behavioural and immunological defences of vertebrates against their parasites. First we propose that (1) differences between colour morphs can result in variable exposure to parasites, either directly (certain colours might be more or less attractive to parasites) or indirectly (variations in behaviour and encounter probability). Once infected, we propose that (2) immune variation between differently coloured individuals might result in different abilities to cope with parasite infection. We then discuss (3) how these different abilities could translate into variable sexual and natural selection in environments varying in parasite pressure. Finally, we address (4) the potential role of parasites in the maintenance of melanin-based colour polymorphism, especially in the context of global change and multiple stressors in human-altered environments. Because global change will probably affect both coloration and the spread of parasitic diseases in the decades to come, future studies should take into account melanin-based coloration to better predict the evolutionary responses of animals to changing disease risk in human-altered environments.

Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae). 2. The filiform-leaved I. capillaris complex

Bothalia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
P. Goldblatt ◽  
J. C. Manning
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Field Study ◽  
South African ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Leaf Type ◽  
Perianth Tube ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
African Genus

Field study and associated examination of herbarium specimens of the filiform-leaved species of section Morphixia o f the South African genus Ixia L. have resulted in an increase in the number of species with this derived leaf type.  Ixia capillaris and  I. pauciflora have until now been the only species with such leaves and they have not been regarded as immediately related in past accounts of the genus. The two foliage leaves, typically less than 2 mm w ide, with a leathery to succulent texture, and lacking a raised central vein or margins, are specialized in the genus. Associated finely fibrous corm tunics, spikes of 1-3 flowers, and when present, short, thread-like lateral branches, usually bearing 1 or 2 flowers, provide supporting evidence that the group is monophyletic.  I. capillaris as interpreted until now. comprises four species, three of them new and described here, and the large-flowered I. pauciflora includes two species, one of these described here. While I. capillaris has a branched stem, radially symmetric flowers with a penanth tube (4—)5—7(—8) mm long, tepals 11-15 mm long and thus substantially exceeding the tube, filaments typically exserted 1-2 mm. and anthers (3—)4—5 mm long. I. exiliflora has a tube 8-10 mm long and ± as long as the tepals, included filaments, and anthers 3.5—4.0 mm long. The new  I. dieramoides also has included filaments but a perianth tube 13—18(—22) mm long and tepals 11-18 mm long. A third new species. I. reclinata has large flowers with a tube 13-15 mm long, tepals 16-21 mm long, and unilateral, decimate stamens with the filaments exserted 8-10 mm. and anthers 4-5 mm long. Typical  I. pauciflora has flowers with unilateral stamens and filaments exserted 2-6 mm from the flower and anthers prominently displayed, but specimens until now included in that species w ith short, included filaments 3-5 mm long and anthers half included in the tube, are here regarded as I. dieramoides. The I. capillaris group astreated here, now includes five species.

On a new synonymy in the spider genus Nephila Leach, 1815 (Araneidae, Nephilinae) from India with supplementary notes on colour polymorphism in the genus

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4786 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-596
Author(s):  
PRADEEP M. SANKARAN ◽  
JOHN T.D. CALEB ◽  
MATHEW M. JOSEPH ◽  
POTHALIL A. SEBASTIAN
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Female Specimen ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Indian Populations ◽  
Close Resemblance ◽  
Colour Morphs ◽  
New Synonymy

The golden orb-weaving spider genus Nephila Leach, 1815 currently has four representatives in India: Nephila dirangensis Biswas & Biswas, 2006, Nephila kuhlii (Doleschall, 1859), Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793) and Nephila robusta Tikader, 1962 (World Spider Catalog 2020). While N. kuhlii has its type locality in Java (Doleschall 1859) and that of N. pilipes in Australasia (Fabricius 1781), N. dirangensis and N. robusta are both confined to India (World Spider Catalog 2020). Tikader (1962) described the species N. robusta based on a single female specimen collected in West Bengal. The original genitalic illustrations of this species, however, show close resemblance to that of N. pilipes, indicating its possible synonymy with the latter. To confirm the novelty of N. robusta, we examined its type specimen and the result is presented below. Additionally, we discuss the occurrence of colour morphs in the Indian populations of N. pilipes.  

Revision of the South African genus Neopimus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4577 (2) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
JIŘÍ JANÁK
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
The South ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
First Time ◽  
African Genus

A revision of the south African genus Neopimus Özdikmen, Demir & Türkeş, 2008 is presented. Based on revision of the type and additional material, three species are recognised. The genus Neopimus is redescribed and all species are described or redescribed and illustrated, two of them for the first time: Neopimus capensis Janák, sp. nov., from Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and N. zulu Janák, sp. nov., from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The distribution of the genus is mapped and a key of species is presented. 

scholarly journals Flower Colour Polymorphism, Pollination Modes, Breeding System and Gene Flow in Anemone coronaria

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amots Dafni ◽  
Hagai Tzohari ◽  
Rachel Ben-Shlomo ◽  
Nicolas J. Vereecken ◽  
Gidi Ne’eman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Flower Colour ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Blue Flower ◽  
Wind Pollination ◽  
Flower Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Syrphid Flies ◽  
Colour Morphs

The flower colour of Anemone coronaria (Ranunculaceae) is a genetically inherited trait. Such intra-specific flower colour polymorphism might be driven by pollinators, other non-pollinating agents, or by abiotic factors. We investigated the genetic relations among red, white and purple-blue flower colour morphs growing in 10 populations of A. coronaria in Israel, in relation to their breeding system, pollination modes, differential perception by bees and visitors’ behaviour. Flowers of these three morphs differed in their reflectance that could be perceived by bees. Honeybees, solitary bees and flies demonstrated only partial preferences for the different colour morphs. No spontaneous self-pollination was found; however, fruit set under nets, excluding insects but allowing wind pollination, was not significantly lower than that of natural free pollinated flowers, indicating a potential role of wind pollination. Anemone coronaria flowers were visited by various insects, honeybees and Andrena sp. preferred the white and purple-blue morphs, while the syrphid flies preferred the white flowers. Thus, visitor behaviour can only partially explain the evolution or maintenance of the colour polymorphism. No significant genetic differences were found among the populations or colour morphs. Wind pollination, causing random gene flow, may explain why no significant genetic divergence was found among all studied populations and their colour morphs. The existence of monomorphic red populations, along other polymorphic populations, might be explained by linked resistance to aridity and/or grazing.

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