scholarly journals On the elementary structure of muscular fibre of animal and organic life

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Muscular Fibre ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
Partial Separation ◽  
Organic Life

The author concludes, from his microscopic examinations of the structure of muscular fibres, that those subservient to the functions of animal life have, in man, an average diameter of one 400dth of an inch, and are surrounded by transverse circular striae varying in thickness, and in the number contained in a given space. He describes these striae as constituted by actual elevations on the surface of the fibre, with intermediate depressions, considerably narrower than the diameter of a globule of the blood. Each of these muscular fibres, of which the diameter is one 400dth of an inch, is divisible into bands or fibrillae, each of which is again subdivisible into about one hundred tubular filaments, arranged parallel to one another, in a longitudinal direction, around the axis of the tubular fibre which they compose, and which contains in its centre a soluble gluten. The partial separation of the fibrillae gives rise to the appearance of broken or interrupted circular striae, which are occasionally seen. The diameter of each filament is one 16,000dth of an inch, or about a third part of that of a globule of the blood. On the other hand, the muscles of organic life are composed, not of fibres similar to those above described, but of filaments only ; these filaments being interwoven with each other in irregularly disposed lines of various thickness; having for the most part a longitudinal direction, but forming a kind of untraceable network. They are readily distinguishable from tendinous fibres, by the filaments of the latter being uniform in their size, and pursuing individually one unvarying course, in lines parallel to each other. The fibres of the heart appear to possess a somewhat compound character of texture. The muscles of the pharynx exhibit the character of animal life; while those of the oesophagus, the stomach, the intestines, and the arterial system, possess that of inorganic life. The determination of the exact nature of the muscular fibres of the iris presented considerable difficulties, which the author has not yet been able satisfactorily to overcome.

Nature, Freedom, History

2021 ◽  
pp. 258-283
Author(s):  
Brady Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Human Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Human History ◽  
Organic Life ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Post-Kantian philosophers historicize the world soul, reconceiving it as an implicitly rational, progressive, yet impersonal agency, at work throughout nature as a formative principle, more especially, however, in the progressive liberation and self-determination of spirit in human history. This chapter outlines the concept’s career in the thought of Kant, Maimon, Schelling, and Hegel, focusing especially on the overlapping functions they accord to the world soul. On the one side, it serves to mediate within nature between the opposing spheres of mechanism and organic life; on the other, between those of unconscious currents of historical development and self-consciously free human action. In thus tasking the world soul with mediating between nature and the history of human freedom, German idealists are faithful to their Platonic source of inspiration, even as they refashion the concept in a distinctively modern, post-Enlightenment spirit.

Compound Symbiosis in Peridinium Balticum

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
R. N. Tomas
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship

Peridinium balticum appears to be unusual among the dinoflagellates in that it possesses two DNA-containing structures as determined by histochemical techniques. Ultrastructurally, the two dissimilar nuclei are contained within different protoplasts; one of the nuclei is characteristically dinophycean in nature, while the other is characteristically eucaryotic. The chloroplasts observed within P. balticum are intrinsic to an eucaryotic photosynthetic endosymbiont and not to the dinoflagellate. These organelles are surrounded by outpocketings of endoplasmic reticulum which are continuous with the eucaryotic nuclear envelope and are characterized by thylakoids composed of three apposed lamellae. Girdle lamellae and membranebounded interlamellar pyrenoids are also present. Only the plasmalemma of the endosymbiont segregates its protoplast from that of the dinophycean cytoplasm. The exact nature of this symbiotic relationship is at present not known.

Determination of the lattice translation across {110} APBs in GaAs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
D.R. Rasmussen ◽  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Antiphase Boundary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Inversion Symmetry ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Equilibrium Distance

Domains in GaAs can exist which are related to one another by the inversion symmetry, i.e., the sites of gallium and arsenic in one domain are interchanged in the other domain. The boundary between these two different domains is known as an antiphase boundary [1], In the terminology used to describe grain boundaries, the grains on either side of this boundary can be regarded as being Σ=1-related. For the {110} interface plane, in particular, there are equal numbers of GaGa and As-As anti-site bonds across the interface. The equilibrium distance between two atoms of the same kind crossing the boundary is expected to be different from the length of normal GaAs bonds in the bulk. Therefore, the relative position of each grain on either side of an APB may be translated such that the boundary can have a lower energy situation. This translation does not affect the perfect Σ=1 coincidence site relationship. Such a lattice translation is expected for all high-angle grain boundaries as a way of relaxation of the boundary structure.

Determination of the Burgers vector of a dislocation in a Fe-Mn alloy by weak-beam image in HVEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
Y. Ishida ◽  
H. Ishida ◽  
K. Kohra ◽  
H. Ichinose
Keyword(s):  
High Order ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
Image Simulation ◽  
Diffraction Vector ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Weak Beam ◽  
Beam Image ◽  
Edge Component

IntroductionA simple and accurate technique to determine the Burgers vector of a dislocation has become feasible with the advent of HVEM. The conventional image vanishing technique(1) using Bragg conditions with the diffraction vector perpendicular to the Burgers vector suffers from various drawbacks; The dislocation image appears even when the g.b = 0 criterion is satisfied, if the edge component of the dislocation is large. On the other hand, the image disappears for certain high order diffractions even when g.b ≠ 0. Furthermore, the determination of the magnitude of the Burgers vector is not easy with the criterion. Recent image simulation technique is free from the ambiguities but require too many parameters for the computation. The weak-beam “fringe counting” technique investigated in the present study is immune from the problems. Even the magnitude of the Burgers vector is determined from the number of the terminating thickness fringes at the exit of the dislocation in wedge shaped foil surfaces.

Procedures for the Quantitative Determination of Autoprothrombin C

1962 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond R Cole ◽  
Ewa Marciniak ◽  
Walter H Seegers
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Plasma Sample ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Autoprothrombin C

SummaryTwo quantitative procedures for autoprothrombin C are described. In one of these purified prothrombin is used as a substrate, and the activity of autoprothrombin C can be measured even if thrombin is in the preparation. In this procedure a reaction mixture is used wherein the thrombin titer which develops in 20 minutes is proportional to the autoprothrombin C in the reaction mixture. A unit is defined as the amount which will generate 70 units of thrombin in the standardized reaction mixture. In the other method thrombin interferes with the result, because a standard bovine plasma sample is recalcified and the clotting time is noted. Autoprothrombin C shortens the clotting time, and the extent of this is a quantitative measure of autoprothrombin C activity.

Determination of Factor XIII Activity and of Factor XIII Inhibitors Using an Ammonium-Sensitive Electrode

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (02) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hellstern ◽  
K Schilz ◽  
G von Blohn ◽  
E Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Factor Xiii ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Factor Xiii Deficiency ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Stabilization Factor ◽  
Release Method ◽  
Sensitive Electrode

SummaryAn assay for rapid factor XIII activity measurement has been developed based on the determination of the ammonium released during fibrin stabilization. Factor XIII was activated by thrombin and calcium. Ammonium was measured by an ammonium-sensitive electrode. It was demonstrated that the assay procedure yields accurate and precise results and that factor XIII-catalyzed fibrin stabilization can be measured kinetically. The amount of ammonium released during the first 90 min of fibrin stabilization was found to be 7.8 ± 0.5 moles per mole fibrinogen, which is in agreement with the findings of other authors. In 15 normal subjects and in 15 patients suffering from diseases with suspected factor XIII deficiency there was a satisfactory correlation between the results obtained by the “ammonium-release-method”, Bohn’s method, and the immunological assay (r1 = 0.65; r2= 0.70; p<0.01). In 3 of 5 patients with paraproteinemias the values of factor XIII activity determined by the ammonium-release method were markedly lower than those estimated by the other methods. It could be shown that inhibitor mechanisms were responsible for these discrepancies.

Determination of the Number of Conserved Chromosomal Segments Between Species

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 1387-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir Kumar ◽  
Sudhindra R Gadagkar ◽  
Alan Filipski ◽  
Xun Gu
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Segment Length ◽  
Human Genomes ◽  
Genomic Divergence ◽  
Human And Mouse

AbstractGenomic divergence between species can be quantified in terms of the number of chromosomal rearrangements that have occurred in the respective genomes following their divergence from a common ancestor. These rearrangements disrupt the structural similarity between genomes, with each rearrangement producing additional, albeit shorter, conserved segments. Here we propose a simple statistical approach on the basis of the distribution of the number of markers in contiguous sets of autosomal markers (CSAMs) to estimate the number of conserved segments. CSAM identification requires information on the relative locations of orthologous markers in one genome and only the chromosome number on which each marker resides in the other genome. We propose a simple mathematical model that can account for the effect of the nonuniformity of the breakpoints and markers on the observed distribution of the number of markers in different conserved segments. Computer simulations show that the number of CSAMs increases linearly with the number of chromosomal rearrangements under a variety of conditions. Using the CSAM approach, the estimate of the number of conserved segments between human and mouse genomes is 529 ± 84, with a mean conserved segment length of 2.8 cM. This length is &lt;40% of that currently accepted for human and mouse genomes. This means that the mouse and human genomes have diverged at a rate of ∼1.15 rearrangements per million years. By contrast, mouse and rat are diverging at a rate of only ∼0.74 rearrangements per million years.

scholarly journals Determination of the Height of Hard X-Ray Sources in the Solar Atmosphere by Measurement of Photospheric Albedo Photons

1975 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
John C. Brown ◽  
H. F. Van Beek
Keyword(s):  
Solar Atmosphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Source Models ◽  
The One

SummaryThe importance and difficulties of determining the height of hard X-ray sources in the solar atmosphere, in order to distinguish source models, have been discussed by Brown and McClymont (1974) and also in this Symposium (Brown, 1975; Datlowe, 1975). Theoretical predictions of this height, h, range between and 105 km above the photosphere for different models (Brown and McClymont, 1974; McClymont and Brown, 1974). Equally diverse values have been inferred from observations of synchronous chromospheric EUV bursts (Kane and Donnelly, 1971) on the one hand and from apparently behind-the-limb events (e.g. Datlowe, 1975) on the other.

Determination of Sulfaquinoxaline, Sulfathiazole, Sulfamerazine, and Sulfamethazine in Feed Concentrates or Premixes

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1475-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugo R Cieri
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Sulfaquinoxaline is determined by its UV absorbance at about 358 nm, where the other 3 sulfonamides do not absorb. Sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine are determined by a quantitative TLC procedure, based on the separation of the compounds on silica gel plates; the spots are extracted and the centrifuged extracts are analyzed spectro-photometrically. A method of calculating the total sulfonamide content, independent of the individual components, is also introduced.

scholarly journals Determination of Fertility-Related Traits in Muscadine Grape Population

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1175
Author(s):  
Jiovan Campbell ◽  
Pranavkumar Gajjar ◽  
Ahmed Ismail ◽  
Fariborz Habibi ◽  
Ahmed G. Darwish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Number Of Clusters ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Muscadine Grape

In this study, fertility-related traits of 90 muscadine grape genotypes were evaluated. Selected genotypes included 21 standard cultivars, 60 breeding lines, and nine Vitis × Muscadinia hybrids (VM hybrids). The first fruiting bud (FFB), bud fertility (BF), bud fertility coefficient (BFC), number of flowers/flower cluster (N.F/FC), fruit-set efficiency (FSE), number of clusters/vine (N.C/V), and yield/vine (Y/V) traits were evaluated. The FFB trait did not show significant differences among genotypes. The muscadine genotype O28-4-2-2 (1.6 ± 0.2) displayed the FFB closest to the base; however, O17-16-2-1, O18-2-1, and VM A12-10-2 genotypes had the most distant FFB (3.6 ± 0.3). All the other fertility-related traits varied widely among the population. The BF, BFC, N.F/FC, FSE, N.C/V, and Y/V exhibited a range estimated at 35.1%, 81.5%, 259.7, 63.3%, 177 C/V, and 22.3 kg/V, respectively. The muscadine genotypes O42-3-1 (36.7% ± 1.3) and Majesty (34% ± 1.2) exhibited the highest BF; however, the VM A12-10-2 (1.6% ± 0.1) recorded the lowest BF. The VM genotype O15-16-1 (82.8% ± 4.1) displayed the highest BFC; however, the VM A12-10-2 (1.3% ± 0.1) showed the lowest BFC. The muscadine genotypes D7-1-1 (280.3 F/FC ± 21.7) and O17-17-1 (20.7 F/FC ± 5.5) showed the highest and lowest N.F/FC, respectively. The maximum and minimum FSE was observed for the Rosa cultivar (65.7% ± 2.4) and muscadine genotype D7-1-1 (2.4% ± 0.2), respectively. The minimum N.C/V was recorded for VM genotype A12-10-2 (6 C/V ± 0.2) and maximum noted for muscadine genotypes B20-18-2 (183 C/V ± 7.5) and O44-14-1 (176 C/V ± 7.3). Muscadine genotype O23-11-2 (22.6 kg ± 1.1) produced the highest Y/V; however, the lowest yield was recorded for O15-17-1, Fry Seedless, Sugargate, and the VM genotypes and A12-10-2, with an average yield among them estimated at 0.4 kg ± 0.2.

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