II. Note on the separation of the isomeric amylic alcohols formed by fermentation

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 308-309
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The One

At present we are acquainted with two amylic alcohols formed by fermentation. They were discovered by Pasteur, who observed that different specimens of amylic alcohol caused a ray of polarized light to rotate to dif­ferent degrees. He succeeded in devising a separation of these alcohols, which consisted in converting them into sulphamylates of barium and re­crystallizing these salts. The one alcohol is without action on polarized light, and the other rotates it. This method of separation is beset with great practical difficulties, and has, we believe, only once been repeated, viz. by Mr. Pedler. He gives no detailed account of the separation, but gives some of the leading properties of the alcohols. He found that the rotating alcohol caused a ray of polarized light to rotate 17° with a column of 500 millims. of liquid. The following are some examples of the rotations effected by eleven different samples of amylic alcohol in a column of 385 millims. For compa­rison with Pedler’s number, the observed numbers have been reduced in the second column to observations on 500 millims.

Lorenzo at ‘The Theatre’ Meeting actors and audience

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-38
Author(s):  
N. Ceramella
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The One

The article considers two versions of D. H. Lawrence’s essay The Theatre: the one which appeared in the English Review in September 1913 and the other one which Lawrence published in his first travel book Twilight in Italy (1916). The latter, considerably revised and expanded, contains a number of new observations and gives a more detailed account of Lawrence’s ideas.Lawrence brings to life the atmosphere inside and outside the theatre in Gargnano, presenting vividly the social structure of this small northern Italian town. He depicts the theatre as a multi-storey stage, combining the interpretation of the plays by Shakespeare, D’Annunzio and Ibsen with psychological portraits of the actors and a presentation of the spectators and their responses to the plays as distinct social groups.Lawrence’s views on the theatre are contextualised by his insights into cinema and its growing popularity.What makes this research original is the fact that it offers a new perspective, aiming to illustrate the social situation inside and outside the theatre whichLawrenceobserved. The author uses the material that has never been published or discussed before such as the handwritten lists of box-holders in Gargnano Theatre, which was offered to Lawrence and his wife Frieda by Mr. Pietro Comboni, and the photographs of the box-panels that decorated the theatre inLawrence’s time.

scholarly journals On the laws which regulate the absorption of polarized light by doubly refracting crystals. By David Brewster, LL. D. F. R. S. Lond. and Edinb. In a letter addressed to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. G. C. B. P. R. S

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 104-105
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Pink Colour ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Number Of Particles

In examining the polarizing structure of acetate of copper, the author’s attention was drawn to certain changes of colour exhibited by its crystal, when exposed in different positions to polarized light; and as these were independent of the thickness of the plate, and of any analysis of the transmitted pencil, he was induced to regard them as a new affection of light, ascribable to the absorption of the homogeneous tints forming the compound colour of the crystal. Dr. Brewster, therefore, collected a variety of coloured crystals, with a view to examine the phenomena which they presented, when cut at different angles with the axis, and when exposed in different positions to polarized light. The details of this examination are next given; and as the property of transparent bodies, by which they detain and assimilate to their own substance a portion of the rays which penetrate them while the rest are freely transmitted, is related to the axes of double refraction, the author first describes the phenomena presented by crystals of one axis, and then explains the modifications which they undergo when the number of axes is increased. It appears from these investigations that the colouring particles of crystals, instead of being indiscriminately dispersed throughout their mass, have an arrangement related to the ordinary and extraordinary forces which they exert upon light. In some cases, the extraordinary medium appeared to be tinged with the same kind and number of colouring particles as the ordinary medium; but in other cases, in the same mineral, the extraordinary medium was either tinged with a different number of particles of the same colour, or with a colouring matter entirely different from that of the ordinary medium. In some specimens of topaz the colouring matter of the one medium was more easily discharged by heat than that of the other, one of the pencils being yellow and the other pink : hence it is a mistake to suppose that in converting yellow topazes into pink by heat, the former colour is changed into the latter; the fact being, that the yellow is discharged by heat, thus leaving the pink unimpaired. Hence it may be ascertained beforehand whether a topaz will receive a pink colour by heat; for if that colour exist in one of its images, seen by exposing it to a polarized ray, we may predict the success of the experiment.

A study of bauxite

1928 ◽  
Vol 21 (120) ◽  
pp. 407-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. M. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Frequent Reference

Bauxite is of twofold interest due firstly to its economic importance, and secondly to the scope it affords for scientific investigation. When these two reasons are taken into consideration, one can easily account for the enormous and rapid accumulation of literature concerning this subject. Any attempt to give a detailed account of the literature will only mean unnecessary repetition of what has been already dealt with at great length by several writers, of whom Anderson and Fox may be specially mentioned. The relation between bauxite and laterite is so intimate that a detailed study of the one is impossible without any reference to the other, and as such the description of and frequent reference to the latter should not be considered as any digression from the subject.

scholarly journals On the anatomical and optical structure of the crystalline lenses of animals, being the continuation of the paper published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 366-367
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Crystalline Lens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Posterior Surface ◽  
Continuous Line ◽  
Anterior Surface ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Optical Structure

The author has examined the structure of the crystalline lens of the eye of a great variety of animals belonging to each of the four classes of Vertebrata; and has communicated in this paper a detailed account of his observations, arranged according as they relate to structures more and more complex. In a former paper, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833, the lens of the Cod fish was taken as the type of the simplest of these structures, in as much as all the fibres of which it is composed converge, like the meridians of a globe, to two opposite points, or poles, of a spheroid or lenticular solid; both of which poles are situated in the axis of vision. The structure which ranks next in respect of simplicity is that exhibited in the Salmon, among fishes; in the Gecko, among reptiles; and in the Hare, among Mammalia. It presents at each pole two septa placed in one continuous line, in different points of which all the fibres proceeding from the one surface to the other have their origin and termination. A structure somewhat more complex is met with in the lenses of most of the Mammalia, and is particularly exemplified in the lion, the tiger, the horse, and the ox. Three septa occur at each pole in the form of diverging lines inclined to one another at angles of 120°. The next degree of complexity is presented in the lens of the whale, the seal, and the bear, which contain, instead of three, four septa on each side, placed at right angles to each other in the form of a cross. In some specimens of lenses of whales and seals the author observed two septa from each pole, forming one continuous line, from each of the extremities of which proceeded two others, which were at right angles relatively to one another : so that there were in all five on each surface. The most complex structure is that of the lens of the elephant, which exhibits three primary septa diverging at equal angles from the pole, and at their extremities bifurcating into two additional septa, which are inclined to each other at angles of 60°, these latter being the real septa, to which the fibrous radiations are principally related. In some lenses of the elephant the author found the three septa immediately proceeding from the poles exceedingly short, and approaching to evanescence ; so that he has no doubt that occasionally they may be found to have disappeared, and that the other six septa will then all diverge from the poles, like the radii ot a hexagon, at angles of 60°. In all the preceding cases, where the arrangement of the fibres is symmetrical on the two sides, the septa on the opposite surface of the lens occupy positions which are reversed with respect to one another; thus in the simple case of the double septa at each pole, the line formed by those of the posterior surface is situated at right angles to that formed by the septa of the anterior surface. Where there are three divergent septa at each pole, the direction of those on the one side bisect the angles formed by those on the other side; and again, where the septa form a rectangular cross, those of one surface are inclined 45° to those of the other surface.

scholarly journals On the action of crystallized bodies on homogeneous light, and on the causes of the deviation from Newton’s scale in the tints which many of them develope on exposure to a polarized ray

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Angular Deviation ◽  
Biot’S Theory ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Biot's Theory ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Polarization Of Light

When Malus published his discovery of the polarization of light the list of doubly-refracting crystals was small; and as the most remarkable of them possessed only one axis of double refraction, it Was presumed that the law discovered by Huyghens, applicable to that one, might hold good in all; but the discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction has proved the fallacy of such generalization, and rendered new and extensive investigations necessary. There are two modes of conducting observations on double refraction and polarization; the one turns upon immediate observation of the angular deviation of the extraordinary pencil, the other depends upon the separation of a polarized ray into complementary portions by the action of a crystallized lamina. After noticing the advantages of the latter, Mr. H. observes, that to render observations on the tints developed by polarized light available, they must be comparable to each other; hence the importance of discovering the existence and tracing the laws of those causes which operate to disturb their regularity. In the author’s first inquiries on the polarization of light, he was Struck by the great deviation from the succession of colours in their laminæ, as observed by Newton, which many crystals exhibit when cut into plates perpendicular to one of their axes; and finding this phenomenon unconnected with irregularities in their thickness or polish, and uniformly repeated in different and perfect specimens, he was led to inquire into their causes, especially as they appeared to form an unanswerable objection to M. Biot’s theory, which perfectly explains the tints in crystals with one axis.

scholarly journals Experiments on the influence of magnetism on polarized light

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 741-742
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Pass ◽  
Magnetic Action ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Contrary Direction

The object of this notice is to communicate some recent experi­ments on diamagnetism, and particularly on the influence of mag­netism on polarized light. The following extracts are in the words of the author :— The apparatus I employed in these experiments was an electro­magnetic apparatus invented by M.Rumkorf, and described by M.Biot at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, and consisting of a powerful electro-magnet, of which the soft iron cylinder is traversed by a hole in the direction of the length of the axis, through which hole the ray of polarized light is made to pass; and the voltaic cur­rent which I employed on this occasion was that of seven pair of Grove’s construction. I made my first experiment with a piece of heavy glass, which I received from Faraday himself. In order to assure myself of the exact amount of rotation induced by magnetic action, I caused the ray of light, before it reached the heavy glass , to pass through the system invented by M. Soleil, consisting of two equal plates of perpendicular quartz, placed side by side; the one turning to the right, the other to the left. I ascertained, first of all, the rotation produced by making the current pass sometimes in one direction, and sometimes in the other ; the two rotations, one to the right, the other to the left, thus produced, were exactly the same. Then I compressed slightly the middle part of the piece of heavy glass, in the same manner as one compresses pieces of glass. I was then obliged to turn the eyepiece in a certain direction in order to restore the image to its first condition; in my experiments I always had to turn it, after compression, towards the right. I next made the current pass, first in one direction, then in the other. The ge­neral facts which I have observed constantly and without exception are the following :— The rotation produced by the magnet on the com­pressed piece of heavy glass is not the same to the right as it is to the left: the rotation produced by the magnet is considerably greater in the direction of the rotation produced by compression than it is in the contrary direction: the rotation produced by the magnet on the com­pressed heavy glass, and in the direction of the rotation produced by the compression, is greater than that produced by the same magnet on glass which has not been compressed, and the rotation in the contrary direc­tion is less. The following are the numerical results . “In one experiment I obtained on a piece of heavy glass not com­pressed, 3° of rotation to the right or to the left, according to the direction of the current: on slightly compressing the glass, I had to turn to the right the eyepiece to 4°, 5°, and even to 8° in order to restore the image to its first condition. In closing the circuit, the rotation produced in the same direction as that due to compression wras 3½° or 4°, while the rotation produced in the contrary direction was from 2° to 1½°. On ceasing to compress the glass, I obtained the same phenomena as I had observed before the compression.

On the action of the second surfaces of transparent plates upon light

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 395-396
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
General Law ◽  
Transparent Plate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

M. Arago had conceived that he had proved by an experiment, that at every possible angle of incidence the quantity of light polarized by reflexion was precisely equal to that of the light at the same time polarized by refraction. Dr. Brewster shows in the present paper, that the experiment does not warrant this conclusion; as the phenomena observed from it are the complicated effects of various refractions and reflexions from both surfaces of the glass, each affecting the position of the planes of polarization. By varying the form of the experiment in a way which allowed of the observation of these effects when separate, he is led to the following general law; namely, that a pencil of light reflected from the second surface of a transparent plate, and reaching the eye after two refractions and an intermediate reflexion, contains, at all angles of incidence, from zero to the maximum polarizing angle, a portion of light polarized in the plane of reflexion. Above the polarizing angle, the part of the pencil polarized by reflexion diminishes until the cosine of the sum of the angles of incidence and reflexion equals the cube of the cosine of the difference between these two angles, when it disappears, and the whole pencil has the character of common light. Above this last angle, the pencil contains a quantity of light polarized perpendicularly to the plane of reflexion, which increases to a maximum, and then diminishes to zero, when the angle has attained 90°. The effect of the two refractions in M. Arago’s experiment, was to make the two quantities of light appear equal, when in fact the one was exactly double of the other. The paper concludes with formulae and tables for computing the exact quantities of polarized light at all angles of incidence.

scholarly journals I. On the organization of the Brachiopoda

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 463-471
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
British Association ◽  
The One

In the present memoir the author states at length, and fully illustrates by figures, the conclusions to which he has been led by a long series of researches into the anatomy of the Brachiopoda; investigations which have been conducted with a special reference to the discrepant opinions maintained by Prof. Owen and the older writers on the one hand, and by Prof. Huxley and himself on the other. Some of the points in dispute have already been discussed in a paper read before the British Association at Cheltenham, and in the present memoir the author not merely reiterates the statements which he then made, but gives a detailed account of the whole organization of the Brachiopoda based upon his dissections of the following species:— Wald heimia australis, W. Cranium, Terebratulina caput-sepentis, Rhyn-chonella psittacea, Lingula anatina , and another species of Lingulu .

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

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