What is an emancipatory peace?

There has been frequent reference to the concept of an emancipatory peace in the critical academic literature on peace and conflict studies in IR, much of it rather naive. It has developed an ecosystem of its own within debates on peace without drawing on wider disciplinary debates. Terms such as ‘emancipation’ and its relative, ‘social justice’ are widely used in critical theoretical literature and were common parlance in previous ideological eras. It was clear what such terms meant in the context of feudalism, slavery, imperialism, discrimination, a class system, nuclear weapons and racism over the previous two centuries. Now it is less clear in the context of changing peace praxis.

SIMPLICIUS ON THE FILLING OF SPACE, IN CAELO 655.9–656.5: A DELIBERATE MISTAKE?

In In cael. 655.9–656.5 Simplicius reports an argument in which an apparent justification is offered for the false claim by Aristotle that ‘pyramids’ (regular tetrahedra) can completely fill space. This argument was analysed by Ian Mueller in an Appendix to his translation of In caelo, and the outline of an alternative has been presented in Myrto Hatzimichali's study of Potamo of Alexandria. In this article I contest Mueller's interpretation, and expand on the one reported by Hatzimichali. I also contest Mueller's claim that a version of his interpretation can be found in the partial commentary by Peter of Auvergne. It is suggested here that the ‘justification’ reported by Simplicius is a deliberate slip in logic, which is accompanied by a carefully constructed cover-up involving some quite tricky geometry. Simplicius makes frequent reference to Alexander of Aphrodisias, but it is argued here that he has been very selective with these citations.

Selected Decisions and Selected Documents of the International Monetary Fund, Forty First Issue Supplement

This volume is the Forty-First Issue of Selected Decisions and Selected Documents of the IMF. It includes decisions, interpretations, and resolutions of the Executive Board and the Board of Governors of the IMF, as well as selected documents, to which frequent reference is made in the current activities of the IMF. In addition, it includes certain documents relating to the IMF, the United Nations, and other international organizations. As with other recent issues, the number of decisions in force continues to increase, with the decision format tending to be longer given the use of summings up in lieu of formal decisions. Accordingly, it has become necessary to delete certain decisions that were included in earlier issues, that is, those that only completed or called for reviews of decisions, those that lapsed, and those that were superseded by more recent decisions. Wherever reference is made in these decisions and documents to a provision of the IMF’s Articles of Agreement or Rules and Regulations that has subsequently been renumbered by, or because of, the Second Amendment of the Fund’s Articles of Agreement (effective April 1, 1978), the corresponding provision currently in effect is cited in a footnote.

50 Studies Every Urologist Should Know

This book describes the most influential studies that have shaped today’s clinical practice of urology. Its scope spans the spectrum of clinical urology, including genitourinary oncology (prostate, renal, bladder, and testis cancer), stone disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, erectile dysfunction, and female urology. Most included studies are landmark randomized controlled trials related to questions of therapy, but the selection also includes prospective observational cohort studies as well as some case series that have resulted in paradigm-shifting changes in patient management. Each individual study is succinctly presented using a standardized format that focuses on the most important aspects relating to its design and main findings. This is followed by a summary of relevant, closely related studies as well as a brief critique of each study’s limitations. The evidence-based format of this book is further underscored by the frequent reference to relevant clinical practice guidelines. Each chapter closes with a clinical scenario that presents a management question for which an expert clinician proposes an answer based on the current best evidence.

An Analysis of Lexical and Grammatical Cohesion of Six Feet Apart Song by Alec Benjamin

This paper shows the linguistic aspect in term of discourse analysis in the lyrics of song. Those aspects are cohesion device and grammatical cohesion. Cohesion devices divided into two descriptions, those are; grammatical and lexical cohesion devices. Grammatical cohesion contains reference, ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction while lexical cohesion contains collocation and reiteration. This research analyzes the lyrics from the soloist band namely Alec Benjamin entitle “Six feet apart”. After analyzing grammatical and lexical cohesion of six feet apart’s lyric, the result shows that the kinds of grammatical and lexical cohesion exist in the lyric. The first kind of grammatical cohesion which is found is reference. The kinds of references namely personal, adverbial demonstrative, selective nominal demonstrative, and comparative reference are found in the lyric. The most frequent reference which is used in the lyric is personal reference. The usage of cohesive devices is so important to make meaningful language to the lyrics of the song. The cohesion devices make the text united.. The function of lexical cohesion within the stanza in the lyric of six feet apart song is making a relationship and also it is used to express and to stress the singer’s idea. Key word: Discourse analysis, Lexical Cohesion, Grammatical Cohesion

Demosthenes’ Assembly Speeches

Chapter 3 examines Demosthenes’ use of the past in his Assembly speeches (including, for example, the Philippics and Olynthiacs), spanning the period from 355/4 to 341 BC. The chapter plots Demosthenes’ increasing agility in handling the past and his increasing investment in its persuasive potential over that period, as he builds a consistent self-characterization as a farsighted, optimistic, and impeccably democratic and well-intentioned symboulos figure via frequent reference to a wide range of past models, distant and recent. Chapter 3.1 offers an introduction and overview, addressing among other things how far (and in what senses) the practical emulation of past politicians might have been possible for Demosthenes. Chapter 3.2 looks at Demosthenes’ valorization of the correct application of the correct models for each set of circumstances (e.g. for the rise of Philip of Macedon), and of himself as the best adviser because of his superior control of those models. Chapter 3.3 examines three notable techniques that Demosthenes uses to impress the endless relevance of the past on his audience and to ground his expertise and authority as its interpreter: (1) imagining possible rupture in the continuum of Athenian excellence; (2) imagining non-Athenians reflecting on the Athenian past; and (3) contrasting Athenian uniqueness with the vicissitudes of other states. Chapter 3.4 studies an outstanding deployment of the figure of the dead general Timotheus as model for Demosthenes himself in speech 8, On the Chersonese. Chapter 3.5 offers a conclusion.

Political parties and social groups: New perspectives and data on group and policy appeals

This article contributes to the literature on party appeals to social groups by introducing a new dataset on group and policy appeals in Scandinavia (2009–2015). In addition to coding to what social groups parties appeal, we collected information on what policies parties offer for the groups they mention and what goals and instruments they specify for such policies. The latter advance makes it possible to present new insights on the extent to which group appeals are actually substantial and meaningful. We find that left, centre and right parties appeal to broad demographic categories rather than class. There are almost no appeals to the middle class, although the frequent reference to a category ‘all’ can be interpreted as a functional equivalent for middle-class appeals. Finally, parties clearly still make substantial policy proposals and address concrete policy problems, but with only small differences in such appeals across the left–right spectrum.

Emic and essentialist perspectives on Gaelic heritage: New speakers, language policy, and cultural identity in Nova Scotia and Scotland

The concept of the ‘new speaker’ has gained currency in the sociolinguistics of minority languages in the past decade, referring to individuals who have acquired an additional language outside of the home and who make frequent use of it in the course of their daily lives. Policymakers and language advocates in both Scotland and Canada make frequent reference to the role that new speakers may play in the future of the Gaelic language on both sides of the Atlantic, and Gaelic language teaching of various kinds has been prioritised by policymakers as a mechanism for revitalising the language. This article examines reflexes of this policy in the two countries, juxtaposing the ongoing fragility of Gaelic communities with new speaker discourses around heritage, identity, and language learning motivations. In particular, I consider Nova Scotian new speakers’ sense of identity as ‘Gaels’, an ethnonym largely avoided or problematised by Scottish new speakers. (Ethnolinguistic identity, heritage, language revitalisation, new speakers)*

A Study on Reference as Cohesive Device in Essays Written by the Fourth Semester Students of the English Study Program Universitas Riau

This study aimed at (1) finding the types of reference as cohesive device in essays written by the fourth semester students of the English study program Universitas Riau, and (2) calculating the frequency of reference used in essays written by the fourth semester students of the English study program Universitas Riau. Documentation such as written texts was the main technique of collecting the required data. The data were analyzed by using theories from Halliday and Hassan (2013) about references as cohesive devices in the essays written by the students and by giving the percentage on the use of references. The research findings showed that all the types of reference as cohesive devices were used in the essays written by the fourth semester students with the total number of 954 devices. The most frequent reference cohesive devices used by the fourth semester students of the English study program Universitas Riau was personal reference with the percentage of 53.3% followed by demonstrative reference with the percentage of 45.8% and comparative reference with the percentage 0.9%. It could be concluded that Personal reference was the most frequently used because it may refer not only to a particular person or object, but also to any identifiable person.

After Debussy

This book explores an idea of music, exemplified by the work of Debussy, in dialogue with a parallel movement in French literary and philosophical thought. Its central thesis is that modern music and philosophy converge on the same set of problems but from opposite directions. Through close readings of selected musical works it argues that Debussy’s rethinking of the relation between sound and grammar anticipates and complements the defining problem of modern philosophy – the gap between language and a sensory relation to the world, between abstract systems of signification and embodied experience. Although its principal focus is the music of Debussy, it ranges widely across French music from Fauré and Ravel to Dutilleux, Boulez, Grisey, Murail, and Saariaho. It ranges similarly through a set of French writers and philosophers, from Mallarmé and Proust to Merleau-Ponty, Jankélévitch, Derrida, Lyotard, and Nancy. Frequent reference is made to the visual arts (Rodin, Monet, Bonnard, Cezanne, Matisse). It explores the idea that this current of French music, running through the long twentieth century from Debussy to the present, makes sense in a manner that affords a different way of knowing the world, foregrounding sound over syntax, and sense over signification.