scholarly journals The preparation of eye-preserving glass for spectacles

1914 ◽  
Vol 214 (509-522) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Molten Glass ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Metallic Oxides ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Glass Plates ◽  
Glass Workers ◽  
The Invisible

Since March, 1909--in connection with the Glass Workers' Cataract Committee of the Royal Society--I have been experimenting on the effect of adding various metallic oxides to the constituents of glass in order to cut off the invisible rays at the ultra-violet and the infra-red ends of the spectrum. The work has been done chiefly in my own laboratory. I have been aided by Mr. Harry Powell, of the Whitefriars Glass Works, who prepared several pots of coloured glass from my formulae on a much larger scale than could be made outside a glass works. From these glasses cylinders and sheets were made. The main object of this research is to prepare a glass which will cut off those rays from highly heated molten glass, which damage the eyes of workmen, without obscuring too much light or materially affecting the colours of objects seen through the glass when fashioned into spectacles, but the work necessitated an examination of the screening properties of glass plates for ultra-violet and luminous light, and therefore the research was enlarged so as to embrace the three forms of radiation.

Optical properties of a thin layer of the Vanadium dioxide at the metal state

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2303-2310
Author(s):  
Abderrahim Benchaib ◽  
Abdesselam Mdaa ◽  
Izeddine Zorkani ◽  
Anouar Jorio
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Vanadium Dioxide ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Metal State ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reversible Phase

The vanadium dioxide VO₂ currently became very motivating for the nanotechnologies’ researchers. It makes party of the intelligent materials because these optical properties abruptly change semiconductor state with metal at a critical  temperature θ = 68°C. This transition from reversible phase is carried out from a monoclinical structure characterizing its semiconductor state at low temperature towards the metal state of this material which becomes tétragonal rutile for  θ ˃ 68°C ; it is done during a few nanoseconds. Several studies were made on this material in a massive state and a thin layer. We will simulate by Maple the constant optics of a thin layer of VO₂ thickness z = 82 nm for the metal state according to the energy ω of the incidental photons in the energy interval: 0.001242 ≤ ω(ev) ≤ 6, from the infra-red (I.R) to the ultra-violet (U.V) so as to be able to control the various technological nano applications, like the detectors I.R or the U.V,  the intelligent windows to  increase  the energy efficiency in the buildings in order to save the cost of energy consumption by electric air-conditioning and the paintings containing nano crystals of this material. The constant optics, which we will simulate, is: the index of refraction, the reflectivity, the transmittivity, the coefficient of extinction, the dielectric functions ԑ₁ real part and  ԑ₂  imaginary part of the permittivity complexes ԑ of this material and the coefficient absorption. 

Optical properties of the Vanadium dioxide

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2148-2155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderrahim Benchaib ◽  
Abdesselam Mdaa ◽  
Izeddine Zorkani ◽  
Anouar Jorio
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Dielectric Function ◽  
Vanadium Dioxide ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Practical Utility ◽  
Infra Red

The vanadium dioxide is a material thermo chromium which sees its optical properties changing at the time of the transition from the phase of semiconductor state ↔ metal, at a critical temperature of 68°C. The study of the optical properties of a thin layer of VO₂ thickness 82 nm, such as the dielectric function, the index of refraction, the coefficient ofextinction, the absorption’s coefficient, the reflectivity, the transmittivity, in the photonic spectrum of energy ω located inthe interval: 0.001242 ≤ ω (ev) ≤ 6, enables us to control well its practical utility in various applications, like the intelligentpanes, the photovoltaic, paintings for increasing energy efficiency in buildings, detectors of infra-red (I.R) or ultra-violet(U.V). We will make simulations with Maple and compare our results with those of the literature

scholarly journals New Polyporphyrin Arrays with Controlled Fluorescence Obtained by Diaxial Sn(IV)-Porphyrin Phenolates Chelation with Cu2+ Cation

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 829
Author(s):  
Galina M. Mamardashvili ◽  
Dmitriy A. Lazovskiy ◽  
Ilya A. Khodov ◽  
Artem E. Efimov ◽  
Nugzar Z. Mamardashvili
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Species ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Connection Type ◽  
Chelation Reaction ◽  
Electron Paramagnetic

New coordination oligomers and polymers of Sn(IV)-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin have been constructed by the chelation reaction of its diaxialphenolates with Cu2+. The structure and properties of the synthesized polyporphyrin arrays were investigated by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Infra Red (IR), Ultra Violet - Visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, Powder X-Rays Diffraction (PXRD), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), thermal gravimetric, elemental analysis, and quantum chemical calculations. The results show that the diaxial coordination of bidentate organic ligands (L-tyrazine and diaminohydroquinone) leads to the quenching of the tetrapyrrole chromophore fluorescence, while the chelation of the porphyrinate diaxial complexes with Cu2+ is accompanied by an increase in the fluorescence in the organo-inorganic hybrid polymers formed. The obtained results are of particular interest to those involved in creating new ‘chemo-responsive’ (i.e., selectively interacting with other chemical species as receptors, sensors, or photocatalysts) materials, the optoelectronic properties of which can be controlled by varying the number and connection type of monomeric fragments in the polyporphyrin arrays.

scholarly journals The visit of Comenius to London in 1641-1642 and its bearing on the origins of the Royal Society

1940 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-160 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Great Society ◽  
Invisible College ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Important Stage ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
John Wilkins ◽  
The Invisible

Miss Dorothy Stimson, Dean of Groucher College, U.S.A., in an article in Isis for 1 September 1935, tried to traverse the view stated in the Introduction to my Comenius in England (Oxford University Press (1932)), pp. 6-7, that the visit of Comenius (Komensky) to London in 1641-1642 marked an important stage in the development in England of the idea of a great society for scientific research which resulted in the organization of the informal ‘Invisible College’ by Theodore Haak and others in 1645, and prepared the way for the foundation of the Royal Society in 1662. She was however unable to explain away the fact that Theodore Haak, who was one of the most active supporters of Komensky’s plan for a Scientific College in 1641, was in 1645 the virtual founder of the informal ‘Invisible College,’ the precursor of the Royal Society. Miss Stimson stresses the contrast between the universal speculative plan of Comenius as outlined in his Via Lucis (1642), and the empirical and specialized activities of the Invisible College. Miss Stimson however has completely overlooked the fact that John Wilkins (1614-1672), Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, whom she rightly regards as one of the most active members of the Invisible College, held views very similar to those of Comenius on scientific method and on the desirability of a universal language.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Conversion in Nanocages

Hydrogen ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-206
Author(s):  
Ernest Ilisca
Keyword(s):  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Dipolar Interactions ◽  
Nuclear Spins ◽  
Reaction Heat ◽  
Thermal Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hydrogen Molecules ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Catalytic Sites ◽  
Infra Red

Hydrogen molecules exist in the form of two distinct isomers that can be interconverted by physical catalysis. These ortho and para forms have different thermodynamical properties. Over the last century, the catalysts developed to convert hydrogen from one form to another, in laboratories and industries, were magnetic and the interpretations relied on magnetic dipolar interactions. The variety concentration of a sample and the conversion rates induced by a catalytic action were mostly measured by thermal methods related to the diffusion of the o-p reaction heat. At the turning of the new century, the nature of the studied catalysts and the type of measures and motivations completely changed. Catalysts investigated now are non-magnetic and new spectroscopic measurements have been developed. After a fast survey of the past studies, the review details the spectroscopic methods, emphasizing their originalities, performances and refinements: how Infra-Red measurements characterize the catalytic sites and follow the conversion in real-time, Ultra-Violet irradiations explore the electronic nature of the reaction and hyper-frequencies driving the nuclear spins. The new catalysts, metallic or insulating, are detailed to display the operating electronic structure. New electromagnetic mechanisms, involving energy and momenta transfers, are discovered providing a classification frame for the newly observed reactions.

Prince Rupert’s drops

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Molten Glass ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Report ◽  
Finger Pressure

On 4 March 1660—61 ‘glass bubbles’ were first introduced to a meeting of the Royal Society. According to the minutes, ‘The King sent by Sir Paul Neile five little glass bubbles, two with liquor in them, and the other three solid, in order to have the judgement of the society concerning them’ (1). The Royal Society responded with remarkable celerity: its amanuensis produced some more drops two days later, which ‘succeeded in the same manner with those sent by the king’ (2). A very full report of the experiments performed was given to the Royal Society on 14 August 1661 by the President, Sir Robert Moray (3). As the Royal Society did not at this time have a normal publication series the report was recorded in the Register Book (4) and first published by Merret as an appendix to his translation of Neri’s Art of Glass (5). Henry Oldenburg lent Sir Robert’s account to the French traveller Monconys in 1663 who made his own translation into French of the prescription for making the drops. Monconys published this prescription in the second part of his Voyages (6). The ‘bubbles’— the solid ones, at least— were what were later to be called ‘Prince Rupert’s drops’. (Those said to contain ‘liquor’ could have been something different, but were probably the same containing vacuoles and no actual liquid.) These objects, glass beads with the form of a tear-drop tapering to a fine tail, made (though that was not generally known at the time) by dripping molten glass into cold water, exhibited a paradoxical combination of strength and fragility not without interest to the materials scientist of the present day, and which could not fail to excite the imagination of natural (and not so natural) philosphers of the 17th century. The head withstands hammering on an anvil, or, as a more modern test, squeezing in a vice, indenting its steel jaws, without fracture: yet breaking the tail with finger pressure caused the whole to explode into powder.

scholarly journals II. The wave-lengths of A, a , and of prominent lines in the infra-red of the solar spectrum

1883 ◽  
Vol 36 (228-231) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Keyword(s):  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Infra Red

M. Fievez has recently sent me a map of the solar spectrum from C to A* inclusive, and as part of this region is one which I have been measuring, I have examined the new publication with great interest. Photography and eye measurements do not exactly coincide in the detail of the grouping of the little a group as far as A, and A itself is shown by M. Fievez’s map as wanting some details which appear in the photographs. Thus in the photographs there are some seventeen lines, whilst in M. Fievez’s map there are but thirteen. Between A and a there are several lines of marked intensity in the photograph which are not shown in the new map. The wave-lengths of the different lines from above “ a ” to A are not the same as those given by Fievez, when they are taken from comparison photo-graphs of the 1st order of the red and 2nd of the ultra-violet on the same plate, or when checked by photographs of the 2nd order of the red with the 3rd order of the green taken in a similar manner. In my paper, “Phil. Trans.,” Part II, 1880, I gave a method of using mirrors by which this could be effected, but since Professor Rowland introduced his concave gratings this is much more readily carried out. He has kindly furnished me with gratings for the purpose, having about 14,400 lines to the inch, with focal distances of 7 feet 6 inches and 12 feet 6 inches respectively. These have been employed in determining the wave-lengths of this part of the spectrum. Cornu’s map was used as a reference for the ultra-violet wave-lengths, and Ångström’s map for those in the blue and green. The two maps may be taken as equally exact. The determination of A has been made by Maseart, Smyth, and others, besides Ångström and Langley, with discordant results. I think the above may be taken as accurate as are Cornu’s and Ångström maps.

Infra red and ultra violet curing methods

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
David Pelling
Keyword(s):  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Curing Methods

scholarly journals The formula for the optical rotatory dispersion of quartz

1929 ◽  
Vol 122 (789) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Original Work ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Optical Rotatory Dispersion ◽  
Rotatory Dispersion ◽  
Optical Rotatory ◽  
Infra Red

The optical rotation of quartz has been measured over a large band of wavelengths. We have Gumlich’s original work over the range from λ = 2·140 μ to λ = 0·21935 μ , repeated and extended into the ultra-violet by Soret and Sarasin and Guye. More recently a series of accurate measurements covering the same range was published by Lowry, and then Duclaux and Jeantet gave a series of results for a range in the ultra-violet from λ = 0·30876 μ to λ = 0·1853980 μ . Finally, Lowry and Coode-Adams, having improved the accuracy of their original method, succeeded in obtaining a very accurate set of readings extending from λ = 2·5170 μ in the infra-red to λ = 0·2280 μ in the ultra-violet, reaching thus just up to the region measured by Duclaux and Jeantet. Various attempts have been made to fit these results into a formula. Gumlich found it possible to represent his results by a formula of the type ω = α 1 /λ 2 + α 2 /λ 4 + α 3 /λ 6 + α 4 /λ 8 + α 5 /λ 10 , but Kettler had almost equal success with the simpler form ω = (λ 2 α)/β.

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